At the plenary session of the 8th Geneva Summit for human rights and democracy held  Tuesday, 23 February, Eritrean regime was singled out for spotlighting as one of the worst abusers of human rights and democracy in the world. Dr. Daniel R. Mekonnen, a lawyer/human rights activist, was available to tell the sad Eritrea story to over 700 participants who came from different corners of the world to attend this annual event on "global fight to end impunity".

 

He said Eritrea was a country suffering "from some of the worst types of human rights violations in the world" and that the opportunity of telling its story at a global forum was one of the  " very rare instances in which the dire state of human rights in Eritrea can be brought to a broader spotlight with amplified attention".

 

 The Eritrean activist revealed that the dictatorial regime in Eritrea became "extremely repressive, justifying its brutal repression under the pretext of the so-called unresolved border conflict with Ethiopia".  He added, "everything said and done by the Eritrean government under the pretext of the so-called stalemate with Ethiopia is morally and legally reprehensible. The government in Eritrea has now become one of the most repressive regimes, with alarming levels of human rights violations comparable only with few instances throughout the world".

 

The event this year was organized by the UN Watch in cooperation with 25 leading world NGOs. Its main agenda was raising and reminding major world issues for deliberation at the 10th Human Rights Council which is due to open in Geneva this month.

 

Prominent former government officials and human rights activists from different countries were given opportunities to make remarks at  opening of every panel during the day.

 

Major themes discussed included the resurgence of authoritarianism in the world, methods of fighting oppression, defending human rights, and experiences of human rights activists from China, North Korea, Russia, Eritrea, Iraq, Turkey, Venezuela and many other Asian and South American countries.  2016 Summit Awards for courage and women's rights were also given to activists from Iraq, Germany, Venezuela. A recorded speech made at the Iraqi Parliament by Ms Vian Dakhil, a Yazidi member of the parliament, moved the 8th Geneva Summit. Ms Vian Dakhil made another moving speech in  Arabic at the Geneva Summit on the plight of Yazidi in the hands of the Islamists in the region.

GenevaMeetingforHR

Picture shows the Summit speakers and event organizers for this year.

 

Below is the full text of the speech by Dr. Daniel R. Mekonnen at the 8th Geneva Summit on Human Rights and Democracy, in which he briefly highlights  the situation in Eritrea and his role in the Eritrean justice seekers' movement, as requested by the event organizers.

 

Dear Colleagues, Distinguished Guests and Fellow Speakers,

I feel very honoured to have the opportunity of speaking in front of you today, in this very important global event, to which we all came from different corners of the world to discuss issues of paramount importance in the global fight to end impunity.

 

First and foremost, I would like to extend my heartfelt gratitude to the organizers of this event, and personally to Mr. Leon Saltiel, for inviting me to share my thoughts in this event.

 

By way of a brief introduction, let me say the following about myself. I originate from Eritrea, a country suffering from some of the worst types of human rights violations in the world. To us, in the Eritrean human rights cause, the opportunity of speaking in this global forum comes as one of very rare instances in which the dire state of human rights in Eritrea can be brought to a broader spotlight with amplified attention.

 

To those who do not know much about Eritrea, let me briefly provide you with a very short summary of the post-independence history of Eritrea. My country achieved its de facto independence in 1991 after winning a long and bitter war of liberation against neighbouring country, Ethiopia. It was officially recognised by the international community as an independent state in 1993. Up to 1997, Eritrea experienced a relatively peaceful transition towards a much-anticipated democratic system of governance. Things changed dramatically when the country became embroiled in a fresh border conflict, again, with its neighbouring country, Ethiopia. This so called “border conflict” was fought bitterly between May 1998 and May 2000. After that, the two countries signed a ceasefire and legally speaking the conflict was resolved by a number of follow-up binding agreements and arbitral awards that were signed and rendered in the following 2 years. However, a number of residual matters, related to the border conflict, remain unresolved due to the obstinacy of the governments in both countries, resulting in a “no war no peace” situation for the last fourteen years.

 

In this context, the government in Eritrea became extremely repressive, justifying its brutal repression under the pretext of the so-called unresolved border conflict with Ethiopia. Nonetheless, everything said and done by the Eritrean government under the pretext of the so-called stalemate with Ethiopia is morally and legally reprehensible. The government in Eritrea has now become one of the most repressive regimes, with alarming levels of human rights violations comparable only with few instances throughout the world. It was in this context that I left Eritrea in the year 2001; and except for a brief return of three months in 2002-2003 I have remained in exile ever since.

 

Since the time I left Eritrea, I have worked continuously in defence of human rights in Eritrea and this includes my involvement in a number of initiatives, such as the formation and leadership of the Eritrean Movement for Democracy and Human Rights (EMDHR), which was perhaps the most progressive youth movement of its time, including of the post-independence era (at least by accounts dating back to the time when EMDHR was established). As a founding member of the Eritrean Law Society (ELS), the only professional association of Eritrean lawyers, unfortunately working from exile, I have also played my part in exposing grave human rights violations committed by the Eritrean government through different measures, such as submission of alternative reports to different treaty monitoring bodies of the United Nations and the African Union.

 

I also mobilized Eritrean diaspora communities to stand up firmly against tyranny and condemn unequivocally gross human rights violations committed back in Eritrea. One of the most recent and most important examples in this regard is my involvement in the leadership and organization of a historic mass rally of pro-human rights Eritreans and their allies that took place on June 26, 2015 here in Geneva.

 

Organized under the banner of “End Impunity in Eritrea!” the Geneva Mass Rally attracted more than 5000 pro-human rights demonstrators who flocked to Geneva from Europe and all parts of the world. With a strong message of condemning grave human rights violations committed in Eritrea, the mass rally turned out to be the biggest such event to be organized in a third country (since the advent of the Eritrean government to power in 1991). Implemented without any financial or material support from any government or donor agency, the Geneva Mass Rally was a resounding success entirely planned and executed by diaspora-based Eritrean grassroots movements and activists; all of whom served on a non-remunerated voluntary capacity. Serving as the chairperson of the seven-member Coordinating Committee that organized the historic Geneva Mass Rally is one of the most gratifying achievements in my entire professional and activist life.

 

Staged in front of the United Nations Office in Geneva (UNOG), the mass rally of June 2015 was deliberately planned to coincide with the time when a United Nations mandated commission of inquiry on Eritrea was presenting a ground breaking report to the Human Rights Council in which the commission said horrendous violations (including a possible situation of crimes against humanity) are taking place in Eritrea.

 

Ladies and Gentlemen,

I share my experience with you today without forgetting the many intimidations and serious death threats that I regularly receive from supporters of the Eritrean government in different mediums of communication. The most recent example is a very serious threat I received from government supporters in June 2015, which is currently under investigation by police department in Geneva. As gratifying as it is, my work on human rights (what I also call “cause lawyering”) is at times very challenging. But who in the world has ever got their rights for free? After all, rights are earned through a long and bitter struggle. That is why they are so precarious. So, whatever it takes, I will continue my fight for the establishment of an Eritrean political system based on the rule of law. I am sure, with the help of all peace loving people of the world,like you, this cause will ultimately prevail. I also very much hope that one day I will be able to recount this speechin the capital city of Eritrea, in Asmara, in the ashes of tyranny.

 

Ladies and Gentlemen,

I was born and raised in Eritrea, but I have also studied, worked and lived in as many as nine different countries, which include: Ethiopia, South Africa, Belgium, the Netherlands, Ireland, Germany, the United Kingdom, Norway and Switzerland. In relation to my work on human rights, I have also travelled to many other places throughout the world with varying lengths of stay. I can therefore fairly consider myself a world citizen. By a world citizen, I mean “a peaceful and peacemaking individual, both in daily life and contacts with others, ”and whose inner urge or strong pulse is geared towards creating a fairer world in which every individual shall live a fair and dignified life.

 

So, true to my commitment to “world citizenship,” I try to relate everything I do to all fellow human beings regardless of their respective ethnic, religious, political or other backgrounds. Thus, my commitment to human rights emanates not only from the sad state of affairs in my home country but also from the values I mentioned above which are deeply entrenched in the person in me.

 

Colleagues and Fellow Speakers,

I am presenting this speech at a time when the world is becoming extremely dangerous to many vulnerable groups of people, such as refugees and asylum seekers. Speaking as someone who finds himself in an exile of more than thirteen years, and a person who has suffered a lot due to immigration-related injustice, the plight of refugees and asylum seekers is one of the most pressing issues, and one that comes closer to my heart. Therefore, I would be remiss if I conclude my speech without saying a few words about this peculiar global challenge.

By way of concluding, I would like highlight the urgent need to democratize some extremely suffocating aspects of European immigration rules. When we speak about repressive regimes that are committing gross human rights violations in geographic areas far from places such as this annual forum, it should be without forgetting other forms of injustice that are taking place before our eyes and in so close a distance. Only then will we be able to build a world free from all forms of prejudice and injustice. This world belongs to all of us equally and without any discrimination. When we say this, we shall say it with words and deeds!

 

Thank you for listening!

Tuesday, 23 February 2016 22:59

መጥፊኢኻ ይብርሃካ

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ዝኸበርክንን ዝኸበርኩምን ኤርትራውያን ሰላምታይ ይብጻሕኩም። ቀጺለ ገለ ኣብ ጉዕዞይ ዝትዓዘብኩዎም፡  ዘገረመንን ዘሕዘነንን ጉዳይ ጉዕዞ ሃገርና በዛ መሪጸያ ዘሎኹ ኣርእስቲ  ጌረ ክገልጾ ክፍትን ኢየ ።

መቸም  ኣብ ዝተኻየደ ቃልስና፥  ሜዳ ኤርትራ  ብዙሕ ጉድ ሓቢኣ ከምዝነበረትን ብንዓይ ጥራሕ በሃልትን  ሓለይቲ ህዝቢ ተመሲሎም ኣብ ዝለዓለ ጽፍሒ ምምራሕ ከም ዝነበሩ ሎሚ ይበርህ ኣሎ። ብኣይ ክጅምር ኣብ ተሓኤ በቲ ዝውቱር መጸዊዕኣ ጀብሃ ተሰሊፈ ይቃለስ ኣብዝነበርኩሉ እዋን ገለ ምሳይ ዝነበሩ ተጋደልቲ ንኣቶ ኢሰያስ ኣፈወርቂ በዚ ሕጂ ኣነ ፈሊጠዮ ዘልኹ ባህሪኡ ክገልጽዎ ከለው ኣይቅበሎምን ጥራይ ዘይኮነስ ይቃወሞምውን ኔረ;; ወረ ጉዳይኩም ዘይትገብሩ ንሱ በሊሕን መስተውዓልን እንተዘይከውንዶ ውድብ ይመርሕ ኣልዩ ብማለት ይምልሸሎም ኔረ፡ ክሳብ ግዜ ነጻነት ድማ በዛ እምነትዚኣ ቀጺለ፡፡

ሃገርና ኤርትራ  ናጻ ምስ ወጸት  ኩልና  ተሓጉሽና፥  ዓደይ ክኣቱ እናተሃንጠኹ ድማ ኣብ 20 ሰነ 1991 ምስ በኹሪ መዓልቲ ስውኣት ካብ ኣቶ ኢሰያስ ዘይተጸበኹዎ ሃንደበት ኣዋጅ ተኣወጀ፡ ከምዚ ድማ ይብል “ብቐዳምነት  ነቶም ኣብ ካልእ ውድባት ክቃለሱ ዝጸንሑ ተጋድልቲ ኣንቱም ብስም ውድባት ተታሊልኩም ዝጸናሕኩም ምሕረት ተጌርልኩም ኣሎ ዓድኹም ኣቲኹም ሃገርኩም ክትሃንጹ ብጀካ እቶም ብገበን ዝሕተቱ፤ ከምኡውን እቶም ምስ ጸላኢ ብረት ዓጢቕኩም ዝጸናሕኩም ምሕረት ተገይርልኩም ኣሎ ዓድኹም ኣቲኹም ሃገርኩም ክትሃንጹ ብጀካ እቶም ብገበን ዝሕተቱ።  ድሕሪ ሕጂ ናይ ውድባት ሓሸውየ የለን፥  ብወገን ብሃይማኖት ብኣውራጃ ኣምሲሉ ፖለቲካ ክገብር ዝተረኽበ ድማ ኢድ ህዝባዊ ግንባር ሓጺር ኣይኮነን” ክብል ፈኪሩ። ሽዑ መን ኢዩ መሓሪ መንከ ተመሓሪ ኢሉ ዝሓቶ እንተዝርከብስ እንታይኮን ምኾነ መልሱ?

ብዝኾነ ንዓይ ካብታ ግዜቲኣ ምልክነት ከም ዝተኣወጀ  ስለዝበርሃለይ ንስደት ኣምሪሐ፡ ኣብ ስደት ድማ እነብር ኣለኹ።  ኣብ ስደት ምስ መጻእኩ ድማ ኣቶ ኢሰያስ ቅድሚ ነጻነት ኣብ ኣሜሪካ ምስ ህዝቢ ኣብ ዝገበሮ ኣኼባ  ኣብ ቪድዮ ካሴት ከምዝተዓዘብኩዎ፤ ውዳሴ ኣብ ዝሰምዓሉ ገጹ ክበርህ ድሕሪ ምጽናሕ ፖለቲካዊ ሕቶ መጾ’ሞ ዓቕሉ ጸበቦ። እቲ ሕቶ ድማ ከምዚ ዝብል ነበረ፤ ”ህዝባዊ ግንባር ከም ሓያል ውድብ ነዘን ዘለዋ ውድባት ኣብ ምጥርናፍ እንታይ መደብ ኣለዎ በልዎ፤ ኣቶ ኢሰያስ ከኣ ብብድዐ ቅድም ውድብ ማለትኮ ዝሰርሕ ክኸውን ከሎ ኢዩ ብጀካ ህዝባዊ ግንባር ከኣ ዝሰርሕ ውድብ የለን።  እዞም ውድባት ትብልዎም ዘለኹም ከኣ ኣንታ ንዑስከ ዋላ ብድሕሪት ኮንኩም ማይ ኣቐብሉ እንተበልናዮም ኣብዮሙና ኢዮም  ክብል መልሲ ሃበ።   ካብ ሓተትቲ  ከኣ እዘን ውድባት እዚኣተን ዝውክልኦ ሕብረተሰብኣዊ ሸነኻት ኣለወን፡  ነዚአን ከይጠርነፍካ ትመጽእ ነጻነት ከኣ ነጻነት ኣይኮነትን ምስ በሉዎ ዓቕሉ ጸቢብዎ ንህዝብና ውድባት ኣለዋ የለዋን እንዳበልና ኣብ ድንግርግር ኣይነእትዎን ኢና ብጀካ ህዝባዊ ግንባር ድማ  ውድብ ዝበሃል የለን ብማለት ኣኼብኡ ደምዲሙ።

ከምኡ እውን ኣብቲ ህዝብን ፕረሲደንትን ዝብል ርክባት ብጀካ ንሱ ዝብሎ እምበር ናይ ህዝቢ ርእይቶ ዘይቅበል ምኻኑ ይበርሃልካ፡፡ ንኣብነት ብ1994 ምስ ሱዳን ኣብ ግርጭት ኣብ ዝነበረሉ ምስ ተቓወምቲ ውድባት ሱዳን ኮይንና ኣብ ካርቱም ዲሞክራስያዊ ስርዓት ክንተክል ኢና ምስ በለ፤ ሓደ ዓቢ ኣቦ ብዕሊ ከምዚ ምባልሲ ብዓለም ኣየውቅሰናንዶ፡ ክንሕግዞም እንተኮይንናኸ ንምንታይ ብምስጢር ዘይንሕግዞም ምስበልዎ፡ ንሕና. ንእንገብሮ ተሓቢእና ኣይንገብሮን ኢና ክብል መለሰ።  ምስ ኢትዮጵያ ኣብ ግጭት ኣብ ዝኣተዉሉ ድማ ኣብ ናይ ጓሶት ደረጃ ወሪዱ ጃህራን ፈኸራን የስምዕ ምንባሩ ኩሉ ዝተዓዘቦ ኢዩ። ናይ ኣቶ ኢሰያስ ጃህራን ፈኸራን  ከኣ ኣብ ምንታይ ኣውዲቑና ከምዘሎ ዋላ ደገፍቱ ዝመስሉ’ውን ብልቦምሲ ዝሓምሉ ዘለዉ ኢዩ፡፡ እቲ ብቓሉ ዝበሎ  ጃህራን ፈኸራን ካብ በሃሊኡስ ደጋሚኡ ከይከውን ጓስየዮ ክሓልፍ መሪጸ ኣለኹ፡፡ 

ኣብ ታሕሳስ 1999 ኣብ ፍራንክፎርት ጀርመን ምስ ህዝቢ ዝገበሮ ኣኼባ ድማ ብዛዕባ ውድባት ምስ ተሓተተ ዓቕሉ ብምጽባብ እዚኣቶም ምስ ሱዳን ተባኢሶም ኢሎም ሸሓኒ ሱዳን ከልምጹ ናብ ሱዳን ጉያጉያ ምስ የመን ተባኢሶም ኢሎም ሸሓኒ ናይ የመን ከልምጹ ናብ የመን ጉያጉያ፤ ሕጂ ድማ ምስ ወያነ ተባኢሶም ኢሎም ወያነ ቀደም ልሒሶም ዝወድእዎ ሸሐኒ ከልምጹ ናብ ኢትዮጵያ ጉያጉያ፤ ኣነ ነዚኦም ናይ ግለት ግለት ናይ ሩኳን ሩኳን ኢየ ዝብሎም፡ ምስ በለ ምሉእ ኣኼበኛ ጠቓዒት ከንጐድጉዶ ከሎ ኣቶ ጴጥሮስ ጸጋይ ግን ፍሉይ ኔሩ።

ካብቲ ዘገርም ግን ምስ ኣቶ ኢሰያስ ኮፍ ኢሉ ዝነበረ ዶክቶር ተስፋይ ግርማጼን ዝተባህለ ብቓላት ኢሰያስ ሓፊሩ ኣእዳዉ ናብ ታሕቲ ብምውራድ ርእሱ ኣድነነ። ኣቶ ኢሰያስ ዒራ ዝሓቶ ዘየብሉ ኮይኑ እምበር እንታይ ኮይንና ምስ ሱዳን ምስ የመን ምስ ኢትዮጵያ ንበኣስ ኣሎና ዝብል ሓታቲ እንተዝርከብ ኔሩስ ከምዚ ኢሉ ምልኪ ኣይምሳዕረረን። ስለዚ ህዝብና እቲ ምኽንያት ደኣ ኣይተረደኣናን እምበር ኣቶ ኢሰያስ  ብባህሪ በጋሚንዶታት ይጎዓዝ ምጽንሑስ ይፈልጦ ጸኒሑ ኢዩ። በዚ ምኽንያት ከኣ ኢየ መጥፊኢኻ ይብርሃካ ዝብል ንኣርእስቲ ጽሑፈይ ዝሃብኩዎ።

 ስለዚ ብሓፈሻ ህዝቢ ኤርትራ ብፍላይ ከኣ ኣባላትን ደገፍትን ህግደፍ ዝጸንሑ፡ ንኣቶ ኢሰያስ ክሳብ ሕጂ ዝበደልካናን ዘታለልካናን ምስ ኣሕዋትናውን ዘጻላእካና ይኣኽለካ ስልጣን ናትና ናይ ህዝቢ ኢዩሞ ልቐቕ ክብሉዎ፤እቶም ንፍትሒ ክንቃለስ ዝጸናሕናን ዘለናን ክኣ ንሕናን እቶም ክሳብ ሕጂ ኣባላትን ደገፍትን ህግደፍ ኮይኖም ዝጸንሑ’ሞ፡ ይኣክል ምልኪ ዝበሉን ሓቢርና እምበር በበይንና ነምጽኦ ለውጢ ከምዘየለ ኣሚንና ሓቢርና ንቃለስ። ሽዑ ከኣ ኢዩ እቲ ክሳብ ሕጂ መጥፊኢኡ ተበሪህዎ ዝጸንሐ  ስርዓት ኢሰያስ ዝሰዓር።            

መዓሾ ኣስራት    
 23 ለካቲት 2016

Geneva Summit Press Release

GENEVA, February 22, 2016 -- Covered by major media from around the world, the UN human rights headquarters in Geneva was the site today of a rare gathering of courageous dissidents from Iran, China, Russia, North Korea, and Eritrea, together with family members of famous political prisoners in Saudi Arabia and Venezuela, united for the 8th annual Geneva Summit of Human Rights and Democracy, organized by 25 non-governmental organizations, including UN Watch and Human Rights Foundation.

Monday's opening UN session was co-sponsored by the U.S. Canada, and the Czech Republic. 

Click here for key quotes from today's speakers

The two-day Geneva Summit, whose main public session takes place tomorrow, features presentations by noted right activists, former political prisoners and victims from human rights hotspots, with the aim of placing key issues on the global agenda days before UN chief Ban Ki-moon and the world's foreign ministers gather to open the 10th anniversary session of the UN Human Rights Council.

World political figures and diplomats are also participating. Today's keynote address was delivered by Maria Leissner, Secretary-General of the Community of Democracies. Tomorrow the summit will hear from Anne Brasseur, the outgoing president of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe.    

Program & Media Interviews

For journalists, this week's Geneva Summit provides a one-stop opportunity to hear from and interview frontline human rights advocates, many of whom have personally suffered imprisonment and torture.

The speakers’ compelling and vivid testimonies today have called on UNHRC delegates not to allow politics to override the cries of human rights victims.

Speakers today and tomorrow, Tuesday, include:

· Antonietta Ledezma, daughter of Caracas mayor and political prisoner Antonio Ledezma 


·   Daniel Mekonnen, Exiled Eritrean human rights lawyer and scholar

Svitlana Zalishchuk, Ukrainian MP and key figure in 2013 EuroMaidan movement
· 
Yang Jianli, Former Chinese political prisoner, survivor of Tiananmen Square massacre
· 
Vian Dakhil, Iraq's only female Yazidi MP and champion of ISIS victims
· 
Jan Ilhan Kizilhan, German psychologist who treats female ISIS victims
· 
Ensaf Haidar, Wife of jailed Saudi blogger Raif Badawi (winner of 2015 Geneva Summit Courage Award)
· 
Anastasia Lin, Miss World Canada 2015, advocate for human rights in China
· 
Jigme Golog, Tibetan monk and filmmaker recently released from jail
· 
Darya Safai, Campaigner for Iranian women's rights
· 
Orhan Kemal Cengiz, Turkish human rights lawyer & columnist
·  
Lee Young-guk, Bodyguard to former North Korean Dictator Kim Jong-Il who fled to South Korea
· 
Rosa Maria Paya, Cuban human rights activist and daughter of late dissident Oswaldo Paya
· 
Polina Nemirovskaia, Russian human rights activist
· 
Joan Hoey, Editor of The Economist Intelligence Unit's Democracy Index
· 
Lord David Trimble, Nobel Peace Prize Laureate and former First Minister of Northern Ireland
· 
Christopher Walker, VP, National Endowment for Democracy
· 
Irwin Cotler, Former Canadian Minister of Justice and lawyer for political prisoners

Now in its eighth year, the annual conferences of the Geneva Summit have enjoyed widespread coverage by CNN, Le Monde, and other major media.

ናይ ምብራቕ ኣፍሪቃ መንግስታዊ ናይ ልምዓት ትካል፡ ኣብ ናይሮቢ ምስ ዝመደበሩ ሰሃን ፋውንደሸ ዝተባህለ ኣካላ ብሓባር ኣብ ዘካየድዎ መጽናዕቲ ኣብ ቅርኒ ኣፍሪቃ ኣብ ዝካየድ ናይ ሰባት ዘይሕጋዊ ምስግጋር ላዕለዎት ሰብ መዝን ፍሉጣት ሰባትን ኤርትራ ከም ዝሳተፉ ኣረጋጊጹ።

 

ከም ብሓድሽ ዝተወደበ ናይ ምብራቕ ኣፍሪቃ ናይ ልምዓት ትካል ጸጥታ ዘውጸኦ 39 ገጽ ዘለዎ ሓድሽ ወግዓዊ ጸብጻብ ብመንግዲ ኢትዮጵያን ሱዳንን ናብ ሊቢያ ብኡ ኣቢልካ ድማ ናብ ኤውሮጳ ኣብ ዝግበር ዘይሕጋዊ ጉዕዞ፡ ኣብ ውጻኢ ዝርከቡ ናይ ኤርትራ ናይ ዲፕሎማሲ ሓለፍትን ኣብ ውሽጢ ሃገር ዘለዉ ላዕለዎት ሰብ መዝን ይሳተፉ እዮም።

እዚ ኣብ ዝሓለፈ 18 ለካቲት 2016 ኣብ ኣዲስ ኣበባ ዝርከቡ ላዕለዎት ናይ ዲፕሎማሲ ሓለፍቲ ኣብ ዝተረኽብሉ ወግዓዊ ዝኾነ ጸብጻብ፡ ዘይሕጋዊ ምትሕልላፍ ሰባት ዝለዓለ መኽሰብ ዝርከቦ ሓደገኛ ንግዲ እንዳኾነ ይመጽእ ከም ዘሎ ገሊጹ። ኣብዚ ንግዲ እዚ ኤርትራውያን ሰብ መዝን ፍሉጣት ሰባትን ምስ ዝተወሰኑ ኢትዮጵያውያን፡ ሱዳናውያንን ሱማላውያንን ብምትሕብባር ዝተራቐቐን ዝተሓላለኸን መርበብ ከም ዝፈጥሩ ኣረጋጊጹ።

እቲ ኣብ ኤርትራ ኮይኖም ናይ ዝተሓባበሩ ሰብ መዚ ኣስማት ክጠቅስ ዘይደለየ ጸብጻብ፡ ኣብዚ ጸብጻቡ ካብ ዝተጠቕሱ ሰባት፡ ብሳጓኡ፡ ኦባማ ዝበሃል ጆን ሃብታሙን ሃብታሙ መርሃይን ይርከብዎም። ጆን ሃብታሙ ኣብ ኣሜሪካ ተኸሲሱ ገበነኛ ዝተባህለ ክኸውን እንከሎ፡ ሃብታሙ መርሃይ ድማ ኣብ ዝሓለፈ ዓመት ብመንግስቲ ኢጣልያ ንማእሰርቲ ዝተፈርዶ እዩ።ሃብታሙ መርሃይ ላዕለዎት ሰብ መዚ ኤርትራ ናብ ኤውሮጳ ክገሹ እንከለዉ፡ ናይቲ ዘሰንዮም መርበብ ወኪል ኮይኑ ኣብ ዝሰርሓሉ፡ ሓደ እዋን ንኣማኻሪ ፕረሲደንት ኤርትራ ኣቶ የማነ ገብረኣብ ከፋኑ እንከሎ ሓቢሩ ዝተሳእሎ ፎቶግራፍ ኣብቲ ጸብጻብ ወጺኡ።

ናይ ሰባት ዘይሕጋዊ ምስግጋር ናይ ሰባት ንግዲ ጥራይ ዘይኮነ፡ ኣብ ቅርኒ ኣፍሪቃ ናይ ጸጥታን ዘይምርግጋእን ሓደጋ እንዳኾነ ይመጽእ ከም ዘሎ ናይዚ ነዚ መጽናዕቲ ዘካየደ ኣካል ሓለፍቲ ገሊሊም። ንምፍትሑ ድማ ናይ ሃገራት ምትሕብባር ከም ዝሓትት ኣመልኪቶም። ካልኦት ነቲ ኩነታት ዝተኸታተሉ ኣንበሳድራትን ናይ ዲፕሎማሲ ፈላጣት እውን ስግኣታቶም ከም ዝገለጹን፡ ብፍላይ ተወካሊ ሕብረት ኤውሮጳ መፍትሒ ኣብ ምርካብ ክተሓባበሩ ቅሩብ ምዃኖም ኣረጋጊጾም። ኣብዚ ዝሓለፈ ዓመት 2015 ባሕሪ ሚዲትራኒያን ኣቋሪጾም ናብ ኤውሮጳ ካብ ዝሰገሩ 154 ሺሕ ስደተኛታት እቶም 39 ሺሕ ኤርትራውያን ምዃኖም ኣብዚ ጸብጻቦም ጠቒሶም።

ኣብ ሕቡራት መንግስታት ንሓበሬታ ብዛዕባ ስደተኛታት ዝምልከቶ ኣካል ከም ዝገልጾ፡ ኣብ ዝሓለፈ ዓመት 140 ሺሕ ኤርትራውያን ስደተኛታት ኣብ ኢትዮጵያ ከም ዝነበሩ ገሊጹ። ምስዚ ተተሓሒዙ ካብ ኤርትራ ናብ ኢትዮጵያ ናይ ዝስደዱ ቁጽሪ ብዕጽፍታት እንዳወሰኸ ኣብ ዝሓለፈ ዓመት ካብ ወርሒ ጥሪ ክሳብ ነሃሰ ኣብ ዝነበረ ግዜ 34,451 ኤርትራውያን ናብ ኢትዮጵያ ከም ዝኣተዉ እቲ ጸብጻብ እሙናት ምንጭታቱ ብምጥቃስ ኣስፊሩ።

ንዋሕዚ ስደተኛታት ብዝምልከት ብምትሕብባር ኢትዮጵያን ሱዳንን ብሓገዝ መንግስታት ዓባይ ብሪጣንያን ኢጣልያን ዝተኻየደ ሓድሽ መጽናዕቲ ኣሎ። ነዚ ንምጽናዕ ኣብ ሃገራት ፍረንሳ፡ ኬንያ፡ ሱዳን፡ ስዊዘርላንድ፡ ቱኒስያ፡ ምስ መንግስታውን ዘይመንግስታዊ ትካላትን ተራኺብካ ሓበሬታ ንምእካብ ጻዕሪ ተኻይዱ እዩ። ብዘይካዚ ብዘይሕጋዊ ኣገባብ ናብ ኤውሮጳ ናይ ዝኣተዉ 200 መብዛሕትኦም ኤርትራውያን ስደተኛታት፡ ቃለመጠይቓት እውን ተወሲኽዎ እዩ።

ሓርነት፡ ምእንቲ መጀመሪ ክኾነና፡ ሕጽር ዝበለ ድሕረ ባይታኻ ኣብ ቃልሲዶ ገለጽካልና?

ኣቶ መድሃኔ፡ ውድብ ሕዝባዊ ግንባር ኣብ 1994 ኣብ 3ይ ውድባዊ ጉባኤኡ፣ ካብ ውድብ ናብ ፖለቲካዊ ሰልፊ ድሕሪ ምስግጋሩን፣ ንነፍሱ እንኮ ፖለቲካዊ ሰልፍን ነባሪ መንግስትን ገይሩ ድሕሪ ምስያም፣ ንኹሉ ኣብ ውሽጥን ግዳምን ዝርከብ ዜጋ ብዘይ ዝኾነ ካልእ ኣማራጺ ተመዝጊቡ ኣባል ናይቲ እንኮ ሰልፊ ክኸውን ናይ ኣስገዳድን ምትሕብባል ሜላታትን ከካይድ ከሎ፣ ዋላኳ ኣብ ፖለቲካ ዓለም ኣፍብልጦ እንተዘይነበረኒ፣ ካብ 1992 ኣብ ዩኒቨርሲቲ ኣስመራ ናይ ሕጊ መጽናዕቲ ጀሚረ ክቅጽል ስለዝጸናሕኩ፣ ብዛዕባ ፖለቲካውን፣ ሰብኣውን መሰረታውያን መሰላት ናይ ሓደ ዜጋ ድሓን ዝኾነ ኣፍልጦ ቀሲመ ነይረ እየ። ነቲ ብሰልፊ ህዝባዊ ግንባር ንደሞክራስን ፍትሕን ክካየድ ዝጸንሐ ግበታ ኩሉ ፖለቲካዊ ስልጣንን ምግሃስ መሰረታዊ ፖለቲካዊ መሰል ዜጋታትን ሕልናይ ክቅበሎ ኣይከኣለ። እንተኾነ ኣብቲ እዋንቲ ዓገብ ንኽትብል ዕድል ኣይነበረን ጥራሕ ዘይኮነስ፣ ኣነውን ንባዕለይ ኣብ ከምኡ ብቑዕ ኣይነበርኩን። እታ ክገብራ ዝነበረኒ ግን ዝመጸ ይምጻእ ኢለ ኣባል ካብ ምዃን ሓንጊደ ምትራፍ እዩ ነይሩ። ከም ዓለመይ ድሕሪ ምንዳፍን ምጽዳቕን ሃገራዊ ቁዋምን ምምስራት ቁዋማዊ ስርዓትን፣ ኣንፈት ሃገራዊ ፖለቲካናን ኩነታት ሰብኣዊ መሰላትናን ይቕየርን ይመሓየሽን ይኸውን ዝብል ተስፋ ክሳብ 2000 ዓመተ ምሕረት ኣብ ህይወተይ ምኹን ኣይነበረን።

 

እንተኾነ እቲ እንኮ ሓዳግን ገባርን ዝኾነ፣ መራሒ ሃገርን ሰልፊ ህዝባዊ ግንባር ንዲሞራስን ፍትሕን ፕረሲደንት ኢሰይያስ ኣፈወርቂ፣ ዋላ ድሕሪ 3ይ ኩናት ምስ መንግስቲ ኢትዮጵያን ውጺኢቱን እውን ከይተረፈ፣ ህልቂትን ምብትታንን ህዝቡን ምድፋር ልዑላውነት ሃገርን ከይዓጠጦ፣ ንህልውናን ቀጻልነትን ስልጣኑ ጥራሕ ኣድሂቡ ክሰርሕ ምስተዓዘብኩ፣ ተስፋ ከምዘይብሉ ተገንዚበ፣ ከም ሰበይ ናብ ሱዳን ገጸይ ኣምራሕኩ። ኣብ መፋርቕ ወርሒ ሓምለ ከሰላ ድሕሪ ምእታወይ ድማ ድሕሪ 4 ኣዋርሕ ኣቢሉ ኣብቲ ሽዑ ግዜ ውድብ ተጋድሎ ሓርነት ኤርትራ ሰውራዊ ባይቶ ተባሂሉ ዝስመ ዝነበረ ተመዝጊበ፣ ኣብ ቃልሲ ንሃገራው ለውጢ እጃመይ ከበርክት ጸኒሐ፣ ካብ 2010 ንነጀው ድማ ኣባል ሰልፊ ዲሞክራሲ ህዝቢ ኤርትራ እየ።

ካብ 2008 ክሳብ 2015 ዘሎ ግዜ ኣብ ጨንፈር ኖርወይ ከም ዋና ጸሓፊ ናይ ጨንፈር ኮይነ ኣገልጊለ። ካብ ነሓሰ 2013 ክሳብ ነሓሰ 2015 ኣብ ዞባ ኤውሮጳ ናይ መንእሰያት ሓላፊ ኮይነ ሰሪሐ። ኣብ ወርሒ ነሓሰ 2015 ኣብ ዝተኻየደ 2ይ ጉባኤ ሰልፊ ድማ ኣባል ማእከላይ ሽማገለ ሰልፊ ተመሪጸ።አዚ መሰረት ንቤት ጽሕፈት ጉዳያት መንእሰያት ክመርሕ ተመዚዘ ሃገራዊ ቃልሰይ ይቕጽል ኣሎኹ።

 

 ሓርነት፡ ፖሊሲ ሰልፊ ደሞክራሲ ህዝቢ ኤርትራ ንመንእሰያት ኣብ ዝምልከት ከመይ ትገልጾ?

 

ኣቶ መድሃኔ፡ ኣዝዩ ንጹር ፖሊሲ እዩ ዘለዎ። ኩሉ መንእሰይ ኣባሉ ኮይኑ ክቃለስ ጥራይ ዘይኮነስ፣ መንእሰይ ንሰብኣውን ሃገራውን መሰላቱን ግቡኣቱን ብዝምልከት ብቑዕ ኣፍልጦን ንቅሓትን ደሊቡ፣ ሃገራውነት ዝመሰረቱ ካብ ኣገልጋልነት ናጻ ዝኾነ ሓያል መንእሰያዊ ውደባ ፈጢሩ፡ ነዚ ሎሚ ኣብ ሃገርና ንመጻኢ ዕድሉ ኣጸልሚቱ ዘሎ ስርዓት ብንቅሓት ክገጥሞ ይግባእ ኢሉ ይኣምን። ድሕሪ ምውዳቕ ስርዓት ኢሰይያስ ኣብ ዘሎ ኩነታት እንተኾነ’ውን ርግኣት ኣብ ምስፋን ኮነ ሃገር ኣብ ምህናጽ መንእሰይ ተረካቢ ሕድሪ ኮይኑ ክርከብ ዝእምት ፖሊሲ እዩ ዝውንን። ነዚ ፖሊሲ’ዚ ንምትግባር ድማ ሰልፊ ደሞክራሲ ህዝቢ ኤርትራ ካብ ምስረታኡ ኣትሒዙ ንንቕሓት፣ ብቕዓትን፣ ውደባን ናይ ኣብ ሰልፊ ዘለዎ መንእሰያት ንምብራኽ ክሰርሕ ጸኒሑ። ንካብ ሰልፊ ውጻኢ ዘልዉ መንእሰያት ድማ ብሓፈሻ ንምክትታልን ዘድሊ ደገፍ ንምብርካትን ሓላፍነት ዝወስድን ንጉዳያት መንእሰያት ዝከታተልን ቤት ጽሕፈት ኣቁሙ ክሰርሓሉ ጸኒሑን ኣሎን።

 

ሓርነት፡ ብመንጽር እዚ ተሳትፎ ኤርትራውያን መንእሰያት ኣብ ደንበ ተቓውሞ ብሓፈሻ፡ ኣብ ሰደህኤ ድማ ብፍላይ ከመይ ኣሎ?

 

ኣቶ መድሃኔ፡ተሳትፎ መንእሰያት ኣብ ዝካየድ ዘሎ ሃገራዊ ቃልሲ ንደሞክራስያዊ ለውጢ ብሓፈሽኡ ክዛረብ እንተኾይነ ካብ ትዕዝብተይ ዝኣክል ተሳትፎ ኣሎ፣ ባይታ ኣንተተፈጢሩ ንኽሳተፍ ድልውነቱ ዘርኣየውን ማእለያ የብሉን። ንሱታፌ መንእሰያት ኣብዚ ዝሓለፈ 2ተ ዓመታት ኣብ ደምበ ደለይቲ ፍትሒ ኣብ ዝተኻየዱ ሰላማዊ ሰልፍታትን ሃዝባውያን ኣኼባታትን ተመልኪትካ ድማ ንሓቅነት ናይዚ ነገርዚ ክተረጋግጽ ትኽእል። ሓደ ዘይከሓድ ሓቂ ግን ኣሎ። ንሱ ድማ ሓያለይ ካብዚኣቶም መንእሰያት ኣብ ውድባትን ምንቅስቃሳትን ዘይተወደቡ እንክኾኑ ገሊኦም ድማ ፈርከስከስ ኣብ ዝበለን ነናቱ ጸገማት ኣብ ዘለዎ መንእሰያዊ ምንቅስቃሳት ተወዲቦም፣ ኣብ ክንዲ ንቅሓትን ተመኩሮን ሃገራዊ ስምዒት ኣብ ዝዓብለሎ ኩነታት ዝርከቡ እዮም። ኣብ ተመኩሮን ንቕሓትን ዘየሰነዮ ሃገራዊ ስምዒት ትነብር እንተሃልኻ ግን ከምቲ ንኽትተኣኻኸብ ቀሊል ዝኾነ፣ ኣብ ሓደ ከይበጻሕካን ሓንቲ ከየፍረኻን ፋሕፋሕ ንክትብልን ንኽትገማማዕን እውን ቀሊል እዩ። እዚ ድማ ኣብ ደምበ ተቃውሞናውን ርኡይ ኮይኑ ዘሎ ሓባራዊ ትዕዝብቲ እዩ።

 

ተሳትፎን ህልውናን መንእሰያት ኣብ ውሽጢ ሰልፊ ደሞክራሲ ህዝቢ ኤርትራ እውን ካብቲ ናይ ካልኦት ፖለቲካውያን ማሕበራት ብዙሕ ፈሊኻ ዝረአ ኣይኮነን። ብሓፈሽኡ መንእሰይ ኩሉ ነቲ ብገዳይም ተቃለስቲ ተመስሪቱ ናይ ነዊሕ ግዜ ዕድመ ዘለዎ ውድባትን ሰልፍታትን ሰሚሩን ተዋሃሂዱን ብዘይምስርሑ ለውጢ ንኸምጽእ ኮነ ጥጡሕ ባይታ ሃገራዊ መቃለሲ ንምፍጣር ከምዘይበቅዕ ገይሩ ፈሪድዎን እዩ። ካብዚ ተበጊሱ ድማ መንእሰይ ካብ ኣብ ፍልልይ ዝነብር ውድባትን ሰልፍታትን ተወዲቡ ክቃለስ ኣብ ናይ ከምኡ ዝኣመሰለ መንእሰያዊ ምንቅስቃሳት ተሰሊፉ ክቃለስ መሪጹ ኣሎ። ተሳትፎ መንእሰያት ኣብ ሰልፊ ደሞክራሲ ህዝቢ ኤርትራ ኮነ ኣብ ካልኦት ፖለቲካውያን ማሕበራት ከምቲ ዝድለ ኣይኮነን ክብል እኽእል። ከይጠቀስክዎ ክሓልፍ ዘይደሊ ነገር ግን ኣሎ። ንሱ ድማ ሰልፊ ደሞክራሲ ህዝቢ ኤርትራ ኣብ ታሪኻዊ ኣመጻጽኣኡ እንተርኢና ነቲ ካብ 1970ታት ኣትሒዙ ንህዝቢ ኤርትራን ሰውራ ኤርትራን ጀብሃን ሻዕብያን ኣብ ዝብል መሳርዕ ከፋፊሉ ንብዙሕ ዓመታት ኣብ ፍልልያትን ቅርሕንትን ክነብር ዘገደዶ ጸሊም ተሪኽ ብስምምዕን ብሕውነታዊ ዘተን ፈቲሑን ዓጺዩን፣ ብናይ ክልቲኡ ወገን (ህዝባዊ ግምባርን ተጋድሎ ሓርነት ኤርትራን) ኣዕኑድ ዝቆመን ዝተሃንጸን እዩ። ነዚ ብግቡእ ዝተዓዘበን ዝተረደአን መንእሰይ ኩሉ፣ ዋላ ኣባል ሰልፊ ደሞክራሲ ህዝቢ ኤርትራ እንተዘይኮነ ካብ ክሊ’ቲ ሰልፊ ዝረሓቐ ኣይኮነን። ሰለዚ ሰልፊ ደሞክራሲ ህዝቢ ኤርትራ ዋላኳ ኣብ ከርሱ ብዙሓት መንእሰያት እንተዘይሓቆፈ፣ ብመንእሰያት ዝተኸበ ሰልፊ ምዃኑ ክሕብር እፈቱ።

ሓርነት፡ ኣብዚ ዋንዚ ኤርትራውያን መንእሰያት ተሳትፈኦም ከምቲ ትጽቢት ዝግበረሎም ኣይኮኑን ዝብሉ ብዙሓትእዮም። ኣብዚ እንታይ እትብሎ  ኣሎ?

 

ኣቶ መድሃኔ፡ ከምቲ “ነዳይሲ ናይ ልቡ ይሓልም” ዝበሃል ካብ ክቱር ምረትን ንለውጢ/ዓወት ዘይተዓደለ ናይ ነዊሕ ግዜ ቃልሲ ዘስዓቦ ድኻምን ዝነቀለ፣ ብባህርይኡ ድማ መንእሰይ ሓያልን ውዑይን ስለዝኾነ፣ ስለምንታይ ነዲሩ ተላዒሉ ግብራዊ ስጉምቲ ብምውሳድ ለውጢ ከምጽእ ዘይከኣለ ካብ ዝብል ትጽቢት ዝዝረብ ዘረባ ክኸውን ይኽእል። ኣነ ግን ብወገነይ ከምቲ “ናይ ኣቦ ንመን ነሃቦ” ዝበሃል፣ እዞም ናይ ሎሚ መንእሰያት ካብ ኣያታቶም ዘይወረስዎን ዘይተረከብዎን ተኣምር ኣይሰርሑን ኢልካ ምኽሳሶምን ምሕማዮምን ካብ ሓቅነት እውን ዝረሓቐ ኮይኑ ይረኣየኒ። ታሪኽ ፖለቲካና ተወኪሰ ንኽዛረብ እንተኾይነ፣ ህዝቢ ኤርትራ ካብ 1945ታት ኣትሒዙ ፖለቲካዊ ፍልልያቱ ንኸጽብብን ኣብ ሓደ ሃገራዊ መስመር ንኸመጽእን ዘካየዶ ጻዕርን ዝኸፈሎ ዋጋን ምስቲ ንሃገርን ህዝብን ካብ ባዕዳውያን ገዛእቲ ናጻ ንምውጻእ ዝተኸፍለ ዋጋ ኣዛሚደ ክርእዮ እንከለኹ ብዙሕ ፍልልይ ዘለዎ ኩይኑ ኣይረኸብኩዎን። ካብ ኣብ ክልቲኡ ጻዕርታት ግን ሃገር ናጻ ኣብ ምግባር ዘካየድናዮ ቃልሲ ኢና ተዓዊትና ዘሎና እምበር፣ ባህሊ ፍትሕን ደሞክራስን ዝለበሰ ሓድነት ሃገርን ህዝብን ዝመሰረቱ ስሙር ሃገራዊ ፖለቲካዊ መስመር ኣብ ምምስራት ጋና ዘይተዓወትና ህዝቢ ኢና።

 

ገለ ኣበው እውን መንእሰይ 1960ታት ኣብ ምምስራትን ምሕያልን ሰውራ ኤርትራ ብዙሕ ቅያ ከምዝሰርሐ ብምጥቃስ፣ ነዚ ናይ ሎሚ መንእሰይ ምስኡ ብምዝማድ ናይ ሎሚ መንእሰይ ከም ልሙስ ገይሮም ክገልጽዎ ይፍትኑ። ኣብ መደረኦም ግን ነዚ ናይ ሎምን ነቲ ናይ 60ታትን ማዕረ ዕድላት፣ ሃዋህውን፣ ባይታን ከምዘይነበሮ ካብ ምሕባር ስለ ዝቁጠቡ ኣበሃህላኦም ፍትሓውነት ዝጎደሎ ክኸውን ይኽእል። ከመይሲ ኣብ ገዛኻን ኣብ ዓድኻን ኰንካን ብከባብን ብኣብያተ ትምህርትን ተወዳዲብካ ኣንጻር ካብ ደገ ዝመጸካ ጸላኢኻ ነዲርካ ገለ ስጉምቲ ክትወስድ ትኽእል። ካባኻ ብዝቆመን፣ ናትካ ብዝኾነን ናይ ውሻጠ ጻላኢኻ ኣብ ሊዕሊ ዝኾነ ገዚፍ ኣካል ግን ዝኾነ ናይ ተጻብኦ ስጉምቲ ንኽትወስድ እቲ ዕድል ከምቲ ናይ 60ታት ኣይኮነን።

 

መንእሰያት ንስደት ምስ ኣምርሑውን ንናይ ናብራ ሕቶ ንግዝይኡ ኣወንዚፎም፣ ብቐጥታ ናብ ቃልሲ ተጸምቢሮም ንናይ ለውጢ ቃልሲ ፣ ከምቲ ኣብ ላዕሊ ዝተጠቅሰ ኣብ ሱዳንን ኢትዮጵያን ካብ ገዳይም ተቃለስቲ ኣያታቶም ንቃልሲ ዝዕድም ጥጡሕ መቃለሲ ባይታ ኣይጸንሖምን። ካብ ዘይኮነ ድማ መንእሰያት ንሕቶ ህልውንኦምን፣ ሕቶ ናብርኦምን ቀዳምነት ሂቦም ክንቀሳቀሱን ንጉዕዞ ስደቶም ካብ ሱዳንን ኢትዮጵያን ክሳብ ናብ ምዕራባዊ ክፍሊ ዓለም ከቅንዕዎን ግድን ነበረ። ኣብቲ ውሑስ ዝኾነ ቦታታት ኣብ ዝበጽሑሉ ግዜ ግን፣ ምስቲ ከቢድ ናይ መነባብሮን ዘይምርግጋእን ኩነታት መንእሰያት ብጉዳይ ሃገሮም ካብ ምሽቃልን፣ በብዝመስሎም ተወዲቦም ዓቕሞም ካብ ምግባርን ዓዲ ኣይወዓሉን። ሓንትስ እቲ ናታቶም ውደባታት ሓድነት ዝሓለወ፣ ተመኩሮ፣ ብቕዓትን፣ ንቅሓትን ዘሰነዮ ኣይኮነን። እዚ ጎዲልዎ’ውን ናብቲ ናይ ኣያታቶም ገዳይም ፖለቲካዊ ማሕበራት ብምጽጋዕን ሓቢርካ ብምስራሕን ዓወታት ከመዝግቡ ኣይተረኽቡን። ስለዚ እቲ ኣበሃህላ ተሳትፎኦም ከምቲ ዝድለ ኣይኮነን ዝብል እንተኾይኑ ኣይቅበሎን፣ ምንቅስቃሶም ኣድማዒ ኣይኮነን ንዝብምል እንተ ኾይኑ ግን፣ ነያታቶም መሲሎም እንዳበልኩ ሚእቲ ብሚእቲ እሰማመዓሉ።

 

ሓርነት፡ ኣብ መንጎ ኤርትራውያን መንእሰያትን ገዳይም ተቓለስትን ሓሓሊፉ ዝረአ ምስሕሓብን ምክሳስን ይስማዕእዩ። እዚ ብኸመይ  ተወጊዱ ኩሎም ኣብ ቃልሲ ከም ዝጽመዱ ምግባር ይከኣል?

 

ኣቶ መድሃኔ፡ እዚ ሕቶዚ ካብቲ ፈርከሽከሽ ኢሉ ዘሎ ሃገራዊ ፖለቲካዊ ኣወዳድባና ብኸመይ ተጸጊኑን፣ ፍልልያቱ ኣወጊዱን፣ ተወሃሂዱ ብምስራሕ ንዓወት ይበቅዕ ይኸወን ዝብል ንዓይ ኮነ ንማንም ሃገራዊ ዜጋ ወትሩ ዘሻቅል ሕቶ ፈሊኻን ቆንጭልካን ዝረአ ሕቶ ኣይኮነን። ኣብ መንጎ መንእሰያትን ገዳይም ተቃለስትን ዘሎ ፍልልያት ጥራይ ዘተኮረ ሕቶ ስለዝኾነ ግን ኣነውን ኣብኡ ኣተኲረ ክምልስ።

 

እዚ ሓደ ነቲ ኻልእ ምኽሳስን ምውንጃልን ኣብ መንጎ ዓበይትን መንእሰያትን ጥራይ ተደሪቱ ተሪፉ ነይሩ እንተዝኸውን እውን ክንደይ ምሓሸ። ዝበኣሰ ዝገብሮ ከኣ ዋላ እቶም መንእሰያት እውን እንተኾኑ ኣብ ትሕቲ ዝተፈላለዩ ናይ መንእሰይ ማሕበራት ተወዳዲቦም ሓደ ነቲ ካልእ ክካሰሱ ምንባሮም እዩ። እዚ ነገርዚ ግን ዋላ ኣብተን ብገዳይም ተቃለስቲ ዝቆማ ማሕበራት እውን ዝረአ ዘሎ ዳርጋ ተወራራሲ ሕማም እዩ ኢልካ ክትገልጾውን ዘድፍረካ እዩ። ንስኻ ንባዕልኻ ዘይተዓወትካስ ንሱ ስለምንታይ ንዓወት ዝበቅዕ ቃልሲ ዘየካየደ ወይ ስለምንታይ ንቃልሲ ዕንቅፋት ይኸውን ኢልካ ንካብ ውድብካ ወጻኢ ዘሎ ሓውካ መቃልስትኻ ምኽሳስን ምጽላምን ሓደ ካብቲ ኣበራት ሃገራዊ ፖለቲካና ምዃኑ ኩልና ክንፈልጦን ክንኣምነሉን ዘሎና ጉዳይ ኮይኑ ይረኣየኒ። እሞኸደኣ ንሓደ ዕላማ እንዳተቃለስካን ማዕረ ወይ ዝተቀራረበ ዋጋ እንዳኸፈልካን፣ ኣብ መንጎኻን ኣብ መንጎ እቲ ማዕረኻ ዝቃለስ ዘሎ ጎድንኻን ጠንቅን ሰበብን ናይዚ ፍልልይ መንን እንታይን ምዃኑ ኣነጺርካ ከይፈለጥካስ፣ ፍልልይ ስለዘሎን ከምሳዕቤኑ ኣብ ቃልሲ ሰለዘይተዓወትካንሲ ንመቃልስትኻ ምኽሳስ ኮነ ምንእኣስ ካብቲ ከነወግዶ ዘሎና ነገራት ሓደ እዩ። ኣብ ከንድኡ እዚ ሲዒቡ ዘሎ ነጥብታት ከም ንፍልልያትና ኣብ ምጽባብ ሓጋዚ ክኸውን ይኽእል እዩ ዝብል እምነት ኣሎኒ።

 

1፡ ንኩነታት ሕድሕድ ብግቡእ ምንባብን ምርዳእን፣ እዚ ማለት እቶም ገዳይም ተቃለስቲ ብውሑዱ ካብ 25 ዓመት ክሳብ 60 ዓመት ካብ ዕድመ ህይወቶም ኣብ ቃልሲ ዝጹንሑ እዩም። ቃልሲ ካብ ገንዘብካን ግዜኻን ጥዕናኻን ክሳብ ክንደይ ዋጋ ከምዝሓትት ድማ ንሓና እቶም ድሒርና ኣብ ቃልሲ ዝተጸምበርናውን የዕሪና ስለንፈልጦ፣ ነዞም ገዳይም ተቃለስቲ ኣያታትና እዚ ኹሉ ዓመታት ተቃሊሶም ብዘይምዕዋቶምን ጥጡሕ ናይ ቃልሲ ባይታ ከውርሱና ብዘይምኽኣሎምን ክንከሶምን ክንፈርዶምን ኣይግበኣናን። እዚ ኹሉ ዓመታት ኣብ ቃልሲ ምጽንሖም ንህዝቦምን ሃገሮምን ክብሉ ኣብ ህይወቶም፣ ጥዕንኦምን፣ ናብርኦምን፣ ክሳብ ክንደይ ሃስያ በጺሑዎም ከምዘሎ ብልቦና ተገንዚብና ብሓልዮትን ድንጋጸን ምርኣዮም ከድልየና እዩ። ካብ ኩሉ ክንፈልጦ ዘሎና ነፍሲ ወከፍ ገዲም ተቓላሳይ ኣብዛ ዕድመ ህይወቱ ሞት ከየርከበቶ ናይ ቃልሱ ዓወት ብምጉንጻፍ ዋላ ንሓንቲ መዓልቲውን ትኹን ሓራ ዝኾነት ሃገሩን ሓራ ንዝኾነ ህዝቡን ናይ ምርኣይ እንኮ ባህጊ ዘለዎ እዩ።

 

ዓበይቲ ተቓለስቲውን ብወገኖም፣ እዞም ሕጂ ካብ ሃገር ወጺኦም ኣብ ዘይፈልጥዎ ዓድታት በጺሖም ኣብ ዝተሓላለኸ ህይወት/ናብራ ኣትዮም፣ ብሓደ ወገን ጾር ውልቃዊ መነባብሮኦምን ሓላፍነት ስድራቤታቶምን ከሰላስሉ፣ በቲ ካልእ ወገን ድማ ጉዳይ ሃገሮምን ህዝቦምን ድቃስ ከሊእዎም ዓቕሞም ዘፍቅዶ ክገብሩ ትልኽ ንዝብሉ ዘለዉ መንእሰያትና፣ ብንጹህን ሃገራውን ዝኾነ ሓገዝና እንተዘይ ኣሕይልናዮም፡ ዓቕሞምን ተመኩሮኦምን ጋና ዕሸል ስለዝኾነ ብኡ መንጽር ቅጽበታዊ ለውጢ ናይ ምምጻእ ዓቕሞም’ውን ትሑት ከምዝኾነ ክንፈልጥ ኣሎና። ካብዚ ተረድኦዚ ነቒልና ድማ ንምሕጋዞም ዝኣክል ክንገብር እምበር፡ ካብ ምኽሳሶምን ምቁንጻቦምን ክንጥንቀቅ ኣሎና።

 

2. ናይ ጌጋታትን ጉድለታትን ማዕረ ሓላፍነትን ተሓታትነትን ምሽካም፣ ብኻልእ ኣዘራርባ ንነፍስኻ ናጻ ገርካ ንመቓልስትኻ ከም ናይ ኩሉ ጉድለታትን ፍሽለታትን ተሓታቲ ገርካ ምኽሳስ ቅኑዕ ኣይኮነን። ብፍላይ ኣብ ከም ናትና ፖለቲካዊ ባህሊ። ኣብ ክንድኡ ንስኻውን ኣብቲ ጉድለታትን ፍሽለታትን እጃምን ተሓታትነትን ከም ዘለካ ምቕባልን ማዕረ እቲ እትኸሶ ንስኻውን ተሓታቲ ከምዝኾንካ ምፍላጥን ምቅባልን የድሊ። ከመይሲ ሃገራዊ ፖለቲካና ካብ ልደቱ ኣትሒዙ ክሳብ ዘሎናዩ ግዜ ፍልልያት ዝመለለዪኡ ከምዝኾነ እንስሕቶ ኣይመስለንን። ኣብዚ ኩነታትዚ ኣቶም ቀዳሞት/ዓበይቲ ንወረስቲ ደቅና ነዚ ናይ ፍልልይ ጋግ ኣጽቢብና ኣብ ሃገራውነትን ሓድነትን ዝተደኮነ ደሞክራስያዊ ባህሊ ዘለዎ ሃገራዊ ፖለቲካ ክነውርሶም ካብ ዘይከኣልና፣ እቶም ናእሽቱ’ውን ወይ ኣብ ኣያታትና ተጸጊዕና ፍልልያቶም ኣብ ምጽባብ ዓቢይ ታራ ብምጽዋት ብናይ ክልተና ናይ ሓባር ምውሳእ እቲ ቦዂርና ዘሎ ሓድነት ከምዝህሉ ክንገብር ካብዘይከኣልና፣ ወይውን ዋላ ከምዚ ሕጂ ዘሎናዮ ካብ ኣያታትና ተፈሊና ናይ በይንና ናይ መንእሰይ ውደባን ምንቅስቃስን ብምክያድ ካብቲ ናይ ኣያታትና ዝሓሸን ዝሓየለን ቃልሲ ክነካይድ ካብ ዘይከኣልና ሓደ ዝኸሰሉ ሓደ ዝኽሰሰሉ ኣብነት የሎን። ካብዚ ተረድኦዚ ተበጊስና ድማ ነፍሲ ወከፍና በብጉድለትና ተሓተቲ ምዃና ፈሊጥና ናይ ሓባር መፍትሒ ንምርካብ ኢና ክንጽዕር ዘሎና።

 

3. ነንሕድሕድካ ምምልላእ፣ ብርግጽ ኩልና ብውልቀሰባት ኮነ ብማሕበራት ደረጃ ማዕረ ጸጋታት ዘሎና ኣይኮናን። ገለ ነገር ምስ ሓደ ሃልዩ ምስቲ ኻልእ ከይህሉ ይኽእል። ከም ኣብነት ምስ ዓበይትን ገዳይምን ዘሎ ናይ ቃልሲ ተሞክሮን፣ ፖለቲካዊ ንቅሓትን ብስለትን ብማዕረ ደረጃ ምስ መንእሰያት እውን ክህሉ ኣይክእልን ይኸውን። ስለዝኾነ ድማ እቶም መንእሰያት ነዚ ሃጓፍዚ ንምምላእ ብመልኪዕ ኮርሳት፣ ሰሚናራት፣ ኣስተምህሮታት፣ ናይ ተመኩሮ ምቅይያራት ወዘተ ብዝኣመሰሉ ካብ ኣያታቶም ገዳይም ተቃለስትን ሰብ ዓቕምን ክረኽብዎ ክፍትኑ ኣለዎም። ገዳይም ተቃለስቲ ብፍላይ ድማ ሰብ ዓቕሚ ድማ መንእሰያት ደቆምን ተረከብቲ ሕድርን ምዃኖም ተገንዚቦም ኣባላት ውድባቶም ይኹኑ ኣይኹኑ ብዘየገድስ ብቕዓትን ንቕሓትን መንእሰያት ንምብራኽ ዝከኣሎም ክገብሩ ዝሓሸ ኮይኑ ይረኣየኒ።

ብኣንጻሩ መንእሰያት ብናይ ትምህርትን፣ ናይ ተክኖሎጂ ኣፍልጦን ተጠቃምነትን፣ ስነጥበብን ንዑኡ ዝኣመሰለ ካልእን ካብቶም ኣያታቶም ዝኾኑ ገዳይም ተቓለስቲ ዝሓሸ ኣፍልጦን ብቕዓትን ክህልዎም ይኽእል። ኣብዚ መዳይዚ’ውን ምድግጋፍን ምትሕብባርን የድሊ። ብኸምዚ ዓይነት ድማ ምዕሩይ ረብሓ ዘለዎ ርክብን ዝምድናን ፈጢርካ ብምስራሕ ፣ ምትሕምማይን ምክሳስን ተሪፉ ቃልስና ዝሕይለሉን ዓወትና ዝቀላጠፈሉን ሃዋህው ክፍጠር ዝከኣል ኮይኑ ይረኣየኒ።

 

ሓርነት፡ ኤርትራውያን መንእሰያት ንስርዓት ህግደፍ ክርሕርሑ የገድዶም ካብ ዘሎ ምኽንያታት ገለ ነጥብታትዶ ገለጽካልና?

 

ኣቶ መድሃኔ፡ ብዙሕ ምኽንያታት ክዝርዘር ይከኣል። ኣብ ቀንድን ንኹሉ እተጠቃልልን ገይረ ዝርእያ ቀንዲ ነጥቢ ኣተኲረ ክዛረብ። ቅብጸት መጻኢ ብሩህ ህይወት ኣብ ዓድኻን ሃገርካን። መንእሰይ ካብ በልና ኣብ ክሊ ዕድመ መንእሰይ ዝርከብ ሰብ ዘርእዮም ባህርያትን ዝኽተሎም ስጉምትታትን ብሓፈሻ ኣብ ክልተ መቒልካ ክረኣዩ ይኽእሉ። ገለ ባህርያትን ስጉምትታትን ኣብ ክሊ ዕድመ መንእሰይ ክሳብ ዘሎኻ ንኽትረኽቦምን ንኽተስተማቅሮምን ኣቲ ዘሎኻዮ ዕድመን ሰውነትካን ዝጠልቦ ኮይኖም እንተዘይረኺብካዮም እውን እንዳጐሀኻ ተጸሚምካ ወይ ዕድለይ ኣይሃበንን ኢልካ ክትሓልፎም ትኽእል። ንኣብነት ከም መንእሰይ መጠን ምስ ደቒ ከባቢኻን መተዓብይትኻን መዓልታዊ እንዳተራኸብካ ብሓባር ከተዕልል፣ ክትጻውትን ክትዛወርን ወዘተ ትደሊ። ነዚ ዕድልዚ ክትረክብ እንተዘይ ክኢልካ ግን መሪሩኒ ኢልካ ሃገር ገዲፍካ ንስደት ኣይተምርሕን። ካብ ዓድኻውን ዓዲ ጓና ኣይትመርጽን። እቲ ካልኣይ ክፋል ባህርያትን ንጥፈታትን ግን ኣብ መጻኢ ህይወትካ ወሳንነት ዘለዎ ነገራት ኸውን። ክሊ ዕድመ ንእስነት ኣትመሃረሉ፣ እትመራመረሉ፣ እትፈላሰፈሉ፣ ኣብ ምህዞን ስነጥበብን ተዋፊርካ እትምዕብለሉ፣ ባህላውን ያታውን ክብርታትካ ብግቡእ ኣትወርሰሉ፣ ኮታስ ንኣእምሮኣዊ፣ ኣካላውን፣ ሞያውን ጸጋታትካ እትሃንጸሉን ኣተማዕብለሉ እዩ። ብኡ ገርካ ድማ ናይ መጻኢ ህይወትካ ወሳኒ ዝኾነ መሰረት እትድኩነሉ ክሊ ኦድመ እዩ።

 

ነዚ ነገራትዚ እንተስ ብምልኣት እንተስ ብኸፊል ክትረክብ እንተዘይኪኢልካ ግና መጻኢ ህይወትካ ደቢኑ ጥራሕ ዘይኮነስ ጸልሚቱ ስለዝረኣየካ፣ ነዚ ንኽተውሕስ ኣብ ምዕልባጥ ትኣቱ። ኣብ ማሙቕ ገዛኻ እንተረኺብካ፡ ረቢሕካ፡ ተደስትካን ትድቅስን፡ እንተዘይረኺብካ ድማ ጽባሕ ክረክብ እየ ብዝብል ተስፋ ክትዕገስ ትኽእል። ንምውቕቲ ገዛኻ ሕማቕ ዕድል ኮይኑ ባሪዕ ኣንተ ኣትይዋ ግን ርኽበትካን ስእነትካን ጥራሕ ዘይኮነ ህይወትካን መጻኢ ህልውናኻን እውን ኣብ ሓደጋ ስለዝወድቕ ንኹሉ ራሕሪሕካ ካብ ገዛኻ ነፊጽካ ንኽትወጽእ ትግደድ። ንኤርትራዊ መንእሰይ ኣጋጢምዎ ዘሎ ኩነታት ኣውን ብቐንዱ ኣዚ እዩ። መንእሰይ ኤርትራ ካብ 1994 ኣትሒዙ ሃገራዊ ኣገልግሎት፣ ክረምታዊ ማእቶት፣ ወፈራታትን፣ ክተትን ወዘተን እንዳተባህለ ንልዕሊ 20 ዓመታት፡ ጀሚርካ ዘይውዳእ ናይ ባርነት ምዕራፍ ተኸፊትዎ፣ ዕድመ ንእስነቱ ኣብኡ ኣብልዩ ጥራሕ ዘይኮነስ፣ ስርዓት ኢሰይያስ ኣብ ኮረሻ ስልጣኑ ክሳብ ዝሃለወ ንጽባሕ’ውን ክንዲ ፍረ ኣድሪ እትኸውን ተስፋ ኣማዕድዩ ክርኢ ስለዘይከኣለ ሃጽ ኢሉ ክጠፍእ ተገዲዱ ኣሎ።

ናይቶም ወጋሕታ ብዝብል ስም ዝፍለጡ ድሕሪ ናጽነት ሃገር፡ “ኣብ ናይ ናጽነት ቃልሲ’ኳ እንተዘይተሳተፍና፣ ኣብቲ ሃገር ናይ ምህናጽ ቃልሲ ክንሳተፍ ኢና” ብምባል ብገዛእ ድሌቶም ዝተሰለፉ መንእሰያት ክዝክር ከሎኹ፣ ከምኡ ውን ኣብ 1994 ሃገራዊ ኣገልግሎት ምስ ተኣወጀ ዝነበረ ቅድድም መንእሰያትና ምውራድ ናብ ሳዋ ንሃገራዊ ኣገልግሎ ክዝክር እንከለኹ፣ ከመይ ገይሮም ገለ ሰባት ብፍላይ ሓለፍቲ መንግስቲ ኤርትራ መንእሰይ ካብ ሃገራዊ ኣገልግሎት እዩ ዝሃድም ዘሎ፣ ሃገራዊ ኣገልግሎት ግን ኣብ ኩለን ሃገራት ዝካየድ ዘሎ ናይ ዜጋታት ግቡእ እዩ ኢሎም ክማጐቱ ይፍትኑ ይገርመኒ።

ስራሕ ስለዝሰኣኑ ኢዮም ዝብል መጐት’ውን ይስማዕ እዩ። እዚ ዘረባዚ ከፊላዊ ሓቅነት ክህልዎ ይኽኣል ኣዩ። ስራሕ ማለት ናይ ቁጠባኻን ናብራኻን ዋሕስ ስለዝኾነ። ክኽሰስ ዘለዎ ከኣ፡ ስራሕ ስኢኑ ዝስደድ ዘይኮነስ፣ እቲ ክሰርሕ ዝኽእል ንኸይሰርሕ፣ ከስርሕ ዝኽእል ድማ ንኸየስርሕ ንኹሉ ለኪቱን ሽንኪሩን ዝሓዘ ናይ ምልክን ግበታን ፖሊሲታት ዝኽተል ዘሎ ስርዓት እዩ። ሓደ ኣብነት ግን ኣሎ፣ ዩኒቨርሲቲ ኣስመራ ካብ 1991 ክሳብ 2001 ካብ ዘፍረየቶም ካብ 1ይ ዲግሪ ክሳብ ናይ ዶክተረይት መዓርግ ዘለዎም ብኣሽሓት ዝቑጸሩ ምሩቓት፡ ምስ መምሃራኖምን ኣብ ዝተፈላለዩ ግዚያት ናይታ ዩኒቨርሲቲ ፕረሲደንትታት ዝነበሩ ኣቶ ዓንደብረሃንን ዶር ወልደኣብን ከይተረፉ ነታ ሃገር ገዲፎማ ወጺኦም ኣብ ሃገረ ስደት ይርከቡ ኣለዉ። እሞ ናይዚኣቶም ስደት ጠንቂኸ ሽቅለት ኣልቦነት ዲና ክንብሎ?

እቲ ቀንዲ 2ይ መኽንያት ዝብሎ ኢሰብኣዊ ወይ ኣረመናዊ ኣተሓሕዛ መንእሰያት ብወተሃደራውያን መራሕቶም ኣብቲ ሃገራዊ ኣገልግሎት ዝተሰምየ ሃገራዊ ባርነት እንከለዉ እዩ። ብውሑዱ 80% ካብዞም ዝስደዱ ዘለዉ መንእሰያት ካብ ሚኒስትሪ ምክልኽእል ዝመጹ እዮም። መናልባት ዕድል ረኺብካ ንነፍሲ ወከፎም ቀሪብካ ናብ ዜና ዘይቃላሕን ተሰኒዱ ዘይተሓዝን ዕላል ኣበጊስካ፣ “ሃየስከ እንተይ ሪኢኻ ኢንታይከ ኣጋጢሙካ?” ኢልካ ምስ እትሓቶም፣ ዝነግሩኻ ዛንታ ብኤርትራውያን ኣዘዝቲ ሰራዊት ኣብ ልዕሊ ኣሕዋቶምን ዜጋታቶምን ይፍጸምዩ ኢልካ ንኽትኣምኖ የጸግመካ። ግን ዝወዓለ ይንገርካ ዩ። ካብ ዝሰማዕኩዎ ሓደ ንኣብነት ክጠቅስ። ሓደ መንእሰይ ነዲኡ ከም ሓሙስ እንኮ ውላዳ እዩ። ናብ ሃገራዊ ኣገልግሎት ተባሂሉ ኣብቲ ግዜ መሪር ኲናት ምስ መንግስቲ ኢትዮጵያ ተወሲዱ። ምውሳዱ ከይኣክል ነዚ ካብ መረርቲ ውግኣት ብዕድል ዝደሓነ፣ ብጀካ ናይ መስተ ወልፊ ካልእ ኣበር ዘይብሉ ንጹህ መናሰይ፣ ብዘይ ፍቃድ ባርንቱ ከድካ ኣብ መስተ ሓዲርካ ኢሎም፡ ድሕሪ ሓንቲ ለይቲ ኣብ ደገ ምሕዳር ባዕሉ ናብ መዓስከር ምስ ተመልሰ፣ ቅድም ጉድጓድ ኣዂዒቶም ንኣባላት በጠሎኒ ብምሉኣቶም ኣኪቦም፣ ኣብ’ቲ ቅድሚ ምርሻኑ ዘዂዓትዎ ጉድጓድ ደው ኣቢሎም ብተመልከተለይ ተኲሶም ቀቲሎሞ። ንዓናውን ቁሩብ ካብ ፍቃዶም እንተወጺእና፡ እታ ናይ ብጻይና ዕድል ከም እትጽበየና ኣጠንቂቖም’ ፈንዮምና ዝብል ነይሩ።

ሓርነት፡ ስለቲ ነዚ ሕቶታት ንምምላስ ዘርኣኻዮ ቅርቡነት ነመስገነካ!

ኣቶ መድሃኔ፡ ኣነ እውን ነቲ ዝተዋህበኒ ዕድል የመስግን!

The Peace and Security Council of the African Union (AU), at its 576th meeting, held on 16 February 2016, in Addis Ababa, dedicated an open session to the theme: migration, peace and security in Africa.

Council took note of the presentations on migration, peace and security in Africa by the Head of the European Union Delegation to the African Union and by the Representative of the International Organization for Migration (IOM) to the African Union. Council also took note of the statements made by representatives of some AU Member States, international partners, specialized institutions, think tanks and civil society organizations.

Council recalled that the 2006 African Common Position on Migration and Development, as well as the Migration Policy Framework for Africa provide a sound basis from which to address some of the challenges linked to illegal migration, which include violent conflicts, bad governance, human rights violations, environmental factors, social exclusion, marginalization, poverty, inequality and underdevelopment, as well as lack of opportunities, particularly for the youth. Therefore, Council urged Member States to take urgent steps to effectively address these push factors for illegal and forced migration, stressing, in particular, the need for availing opportunities for the youth, as well as the need to promote stable, secure, prosperous and inclusive societies.

Council reaffirmed the recognition, in the African Common Position on Migration and Development, that illegal migration is currently taking serious dimensions and alarming proportions that threaten peace, security and stability of the continent. In this context, Council reaffirmed the AU commitment, among others, to strengthen efforts to combat human trafficking and smuggling of migrants, through the implementation of the provisions of the United Nations Convention on Transnational Organized Crime and its Protocols against Trafficking in Persons and Smuggling of Migrants.

Council, while noting that properly managed legal and regular migration within Africa can be a very significant catalyst for promoting the integration of the African continent and that, beyond Africa, migration is an ever-present and growing phenomenon, underscored the need for ensuring the effective protection of economic, social and cultural rights of migrants, including the right to development, in line with the relevant human rights instruments. In the same vein, Council emphasized the need for developing frameworks and agreements on the return, readmission/ re-integration of Illegal and forced migrants.

Council emphasized the need for comprehensive gender-sensitive migration policies, which can ensure that women and girls fleeing violent conflicts and other push factors in their countries of origin are not subjected to exploitation, including human trafficking.

While acknowledging that Africa and the international community have adequate policy instruments for addressing the issue of illegal and forced migration, Council underscored the need for Member States to sign, ratify and fully implement legal instruments on migration, including the African Common Position on Migration and Development, as well as the Migration Framework for Africa, with a view to reverse the persistent trend of illegal and forced migration on the continent.

Council noted the potential link between illegal migration and transnational organized crime, including terrorist and violent extremist groups. In this connection, Council emphasized the need to put in place effective mechanisms for combating corruption and organized crime, including human trafficking and smuggling.

Council also noted that no country is immune to the issue of illegal and forced migration, which is a multidimensional and complex challenge.  In this respect, Council underscored the need for effective border management, within the context of strict observance of human rights, as well as for cooperation and information sharing among the countries of origin, transit and destination of illegal migrants. Council also emphasized the need for the AU and its partners, as well as the larger international community to enhance cooperation in addressing the root causes of illegal and forced migration, particularly, in the countries of origin.   

Council agreed to remain seized of the matter,

Source=http://www.peaceau.org/en/article/press-statement-of-the-peace-and-security-council-of-the-african-union-au-at-its-576th-meeting-on-migration-peace-and-security-in-africa#

 

في الثامن عشر من فبراير 2016م عقد مؤتمر جنيف الإنساني العالمي رقم ( 21 ). ومن أهم ما توصل اليه المؤتمر أن الحل الآن ليس في إضاعة الزمن في تعديد المشكلات وإحصاء الحالات الإنسانية، بل لابد من اتخاذ المجتمع الدولي خطوات فورية تجاه أكثر ثلاث وثلاثين ( 33 ) دولة تتسبب في انهيار الوضع الانساني وتعيش يوميات الحرب ويستعر فيها القمع والاضطهاد السياسي.

 

في خطابه في المؤتمر قال السيد/ يافث داكورد مدير هيئة الصليب الأحمر الدولي: إن حالات القمع العنيف مثل الوضع في سوريا غير قابلة للتغاضي والتأخير، بل علي المجتمع الدولي أن يعطيها الاهتمام اللازم والعاجل، ويتخذ من ثم الخطوات الحاسمة في وضع الحلول الجذرية لمعالجة وإزالة أسباب تلك المشكلات من جذورها. وأضاف أن العالم بدلاً من أن ينتظر وقوع الكوارث عليه أن يضع الحلول الوقائية لها.

 

إن مؤتمر جنيف الإنساني العالمي رقم ( 21 ) الذي نظمته جامعة كامبوس بضاحية وبستر تحت شعار (نظرة الي إجماع واجتماع انساني عالمي) يهدف الي تحديد الأجندة الخاصة بالملتقى الانساني العالمي القادم المقرر عقده بإستانبول بتركيا في مايو 2016م ومن ثم الوصول الي أفكار ومحددات حاسمة لاتخاذ خطوات متقدمة تجاه موضوع المؤتمر الحالي.

  

السيد/ ولد يسوس عمار مسئول العلاقات الخارجية لحزب الشعب الديمقراطي الارتري في الفرصة التي أتيحت له في اليوم الأول لمخاطبة المؤتمر الذي استغرق مدة يومين لفت أنظار المؤتمرين الي أن ملايين اليورات التي صـُــدِّق بها لدكتاتور ارتريا ليست إلا جزءاً من الموقف الأوربي غير المنصف تجاه وضع حقوق الانسان ومعاناته في بلادنا، وأضاف أن مثل هذه المواقف غير المبررة تجاه الأنظمة الدكتاتورية يجب أن تكون قيد الفحص والنظر في مؤتمر استانبول.

   

يجدر بالذكر أن مؤتمر جنيف الإنساني العالمي عبارة عن لقاء عالمي دوري تأسس في 1995م واتخذ من جنيف مقراً له، يلتقي فيه خبراء، مثقفون، المنظمات والهيئات الدولية والعالمية المتخذة من جنيف مقراً لها، قادة ومندوبو منظمات المجتمع المدني المحلي والعالمي لمناقشة تحديات الحاضر والمستقبل الإنساني العالمي.

 

الأهداف الأساسية لهذا المؤتمر:

1-      تحسين وتفعيل وإنفاذ القرارات والخطوات المتخذة في الشأن الإنساني.

2-      الحد من حدة وحجم المعاملات والممارسات اللا – إنسانية.

3-      إدخال التحسينات والنقلات المستمرة علي الأوضاع المتعلقة بالشؤون الإنسانية.

4-      تلبية احتياجات الشعب وحمايته في البلدان التي تشهد عنفاً وصراعات مسلحة.

5-      البحث عن سبل التنسيق والتعاون بين المؤسسات الإنسانية والجهات ذات العلاقة بالشؤون الإنسانية.

 6- خلق وتطوير السبل الكفيلة بمنع ومحاربة نشوء المهددات وحالات سوء التفاهم في أوساط الشعب.  

( يؤكد الحزب استعداده التام للمشاركة في المساعي الحثيثة لتوحيد قوى المعارضة في إطار جبهوي يضم جميع من لهم مصلحة في إسقاط نظام الهقدف ) كان هذا من أهم قرارات المؤتمر العام الثاني للحزب المتعلقة بالعمل المشترك للمعارضة الارترية. لذلك سيظل حزبنا يؤكد بشدة علي مشاركته الفعالة في كل جهد جماعي أو فردي مخلص يوصل الي هذا الهدف. من جانب آخر فإن تمسكه بقراره هذا لن يمنعه من التعامل بسياسة الباب المفتوح وتبادل الرأي مع كل قوة لديها أطروحات كفيلة بإيصال الجميع الي الهدف المشترك.

 

إن مجهودات السعي لخلق إطار مشترك للمعارضة ليس مسئولية حزبٍ أو قوة بعينها من دون الآخرين. وهذا ما يجعلنا مصرِّين علي الدوام علي التمسك بمبدأ الأخذ والرد وتبادل الرأي في كل أمرٍ عام. ولأن مهمة توحيد المعارضة أمر سياسي عام تتفاوت فيه الأنصبة والجهود لن يتم الفراغ منها في يومٍ وليلة أو ببيان إعلاني واحد وإنما من خلال مسيرة عمل مخلص ودءوب. إننا علي قناعة بأنه سوف يكون من المفيد التفهم مسبقاً أن الوضع في مثل تجاربنا التي تمر بدروب وعرة ومنعطفات معقدة قد يتعثر أحياناً ولكنه في كل الأحوال قابل لاستئناف السير مجدداً. إنه من السهل تحديد داء أو مشكلة البادئ بالعملية الطويلة الأمد، أو المبتدر بالدعوة الي حوار إيجابي للشروع في السير قدماً. فإذا صادف مقترح الداعي هوىً في أفئدة الكثيرين لن يصعب عليه أن يعم مقترحه فيكون مقترح الكل. الأمر لا يقتصر علي موضوعية أو جاذبية الفكرة المثارة، بل علي ما يتمتع به الشخص أو الجهة المبادرة من صبرٍ وأناة، لا يعرف اليأس، مجامل وصبور علي جنوح الغير، لا يبخل بالوقت والجهد لإقناع الغير برأيه الإيجابي...الخ.

 

في الآونة الأخيرة اتخذت في كلٍّ من فرانكفورت ونيروبي مبادرات جديدة وجادة، وفي الملتقى الأخير بالذات جرت حول وضع المعارضة أطول المحاورات والمناقشات، صاحب الدعوة للقاء الأخير منظمة منتدى الحوار الارتري (مدرخ) أيضاً شرحت مطولاً مضمون وأهداف مبادرتها، ولا يزال النقاش حول اللقاء ومتعلقاته مستمراً غير منقطع، لكنها في الأغلب وفي كل الأحوال محاورات وتداخلات إيجابية تنطلق من تقييم موضوعي وضمائر نقية من الغرض. كما لا يمكننا أن ننكر أن قلة من تلك الآراء فارغة لا تستحق الالتفات. حزبنا مع إقراره بمشروعية تفحص مثل تلك اللقاءات من حيث المكان والزمان والداعي والمدعو، يؤمن أن يكون موضوع اللقاء محل التركيز والاهتمام. كما أنه وإن كان مشروعاً أن تتفحص رؤية شخصٍ أو جماعة سياسية ما بالأمس أو اليوم، إلا أن من الأفضل أن تحكم علي تلك الجهة بما يبدر منها اليوم، وإلا صرت أسيراً للماضي وكأن الزمان مربوطٌ أمام منزلك بلا حراك. مع عدم استبعاد إمكانية أن ينحرف شخصٌ ما غداً عما يعلنه اليوم من آراء، إلا أن العيش أسيراً لمخاوف وتوهمات متوقعة تعطلك عن عمل اليوم ليس من الموضوعية ولا الأهلية العقلية والفكرية في شيء. إذا أردت التخلص من حالة الخوف الدائم من الغد عليك أن تحكم علي ما يصدر اليوم بظروف اليوم وأن تقيم ما يحدث غداً بموازين الغد. كما يجب أن لا تنسى أنك إذا أصبت بداء الشك الدائم في الآخرين، فتوقع أن يعاملك الناس بذات معاملتك فتكون أنت أيضاً محل شكهم الدائم. وفوق هذا وذاك يجب أن ندرك أننا جميعاً ومهما علت درجتنا سوف نمد غداً رقابنا لسيف المساءلة طائعين أو مكرهين. انخفاض درجتنا في المسئولية عن عمل اليوم لن يعفينا من عقاب الغد.

 

 

نحن في حزب الشعب الديمقراطي الارتري يأتي إسقاط طغمة الهقدف الحاكمة والانتقال السلمي للسلطة في مقدمة أولوياتنا. وفي مقدمة تطورات واحتمالات سقوط الهقدف يأتي تآكل قوات الهقدف النظامية والمدنية التي كانت تحفظ أمنه من أن يطوله طائل. وسواء كانت تلك التطورات والمحفزات لإسقاط النظام من صنع المعارضة أو من قناعة داخلية للقوى العسكرية والمدنية التي تغادر معسكر النظام فإن الفصل الحاسم في رواية سقوط النظام سوف يكون قيامنا نحن طلاب العدل والتغيير بخطوة إيجابية وجادة الي الأمام. وإذا قامت القوى المغادرة لصفوف النظام بتوسيع خطوتها ونسقت مع القوى والأطر الأخرى المتواجدة علي الساحة أو نظمت نفسها في إطار خاص بها كما فعلت منظمة مدرخ وشرعت في محاربة النظام التي كانت جزءاً منه، فإن ذلك يعني الكثير والكثير جداً ليس لتلك القوى فحسب، بل لمجمل معسكر المعارضة. لكن هذا يتوقف علي مدى الترحيب وجدية الاستيعاب الذي تبديه المعارضة القائمة تجاه تلك القوى، فإذا فشلت المعارضة في إبداء حسن النية والاستقبال للقوى الجديدة المنضمة الي معسكرها أو حلفها تكون كمن جاءه الناس لدفن أبيه فإذا به يدس المحافير كما تقول الأمثال الشعبية.

 

إن الساحة السياسية التي تضمنا نحن في المعارضة الأقدم عمراً مع القوى الجديدة المنضمة الي صفوف المعارضة القائمة ليست سوى مضمار نضالي يضمنا معاً في سلك معركتنا المشتركة ضد الدكتاتورية، وليست خيمة مقدسة يسمح فيها للبعض بالدخول ويحرم آخرون من دخولها علي أساس فرعي يستند الي أقدمية، ديانة، عمر، جنس (نوع) ...الخ. علي سبيل المثال هناك في صفوف المعارضة القائمة من يرون في دعوة مدرخ للقاء المعارضة الأخير في نيروبي خللاً سياسياً وفنياً كبيراً بحجة أن الداعي أو المبادر للقاء يجب أن يكون الأقدم لا الأحدث قدوماً للمعارضة، أو أن يترك الأمر والنهي للأقدم، أو لفلان أو علان من الأشخاص أو التنظيمات والأحزاب الأقدم تواجداً في سلك المعارضة. هذا خطأ معيق للسير الي الأمام. ليس عيباً أن تستخدم حقك في الامتناع عن تلبية الدعوة علي أن تحترم في ذات الوقت حق الآخرين في قبولها. ومن الصحيح والمباح أيضاً أن يعتبر نجاح مبادرة اللقاء في تحقيق نتائج إيجابية مكسباً لكل المشاركين لا يقتصر علي أصحاب الدعوة أو المبادرة فقط.

 

 

إن من يريد تقديم مساهمة بناءة في أي عملٍ كان، ليس بالضرورة أن يحطم ما سبقه من مداميك ليقيم بناءه علي أنقاض ما بناه غيره، لكن لا يخفى علينا أن يصادف كثيراً أن تأتي مبادرةُ بِــناءٍ جديدة تنطلق من القديم وتضيف الجديد فتنال إعجاب الجمهور المعنِــي وتتغلب علي المبادرة القديمة في ميدان مباراة حرة ونزيهة. ولأن الوجود السياسي قائم علي التنافس الدائم ومن الطبيعي أن تتمخض نتيجة التنافس عن غالب ومغلوب، كما لا يستبعد أن ينتهي المنافسة بالتعادل مكسباً أو خسارة، لكن تجربتنا مليئة بالمنافسات التي غالباً بالتعادل الخاسر بدلاً من التعادل الإيجابي الذي يحقق قدراً من القبول لكل أطراف المنافسة. في إحدى المناسبات لاحظنا أن هناك من يعد المشاركة في تلبية مبادرة تنظيم لقاء نيروبي هدفها هدم وتحطيم المجلس الوطني للتغيير الديمقراطي. حزب الشعب الديمقراطي الارتري لأنه كان المشاركين في اللقاء حظي بقسطٍ وافر من تناول الغاضبين علي ذلك اللقاء. من وجهة نظرنا أن المجلس الوطني أو غيره من الأطر لا يقوم أو يسقط إلا بعوامل داخلية في المقام الأول. بالنسبة لغير الأعضاء في ائتلاف المجلس كحزبنا مثلاً لا يهمهم في قليل أو كثير أن يبقى المجلس قائماً أو أن يخر صريعاً، وما ذلك إلا لأن أمر سقوطه ليس في عداد مصالحنا التي تستحق تقديمها علي غيرها من الأولويات. وإن صادف – لا سمح الله – أن أسهم حزبنا بقليل أو كثير في عملية تقويض المجلس إياه فلن يكون ذلك ذا أثر حاسم علي المجلس لأن ذلك عامل خارجي لا دور له في الذهاب بالمجلس أو الإبقاء عليه. وإن كانت هناك من جهة تعرف أو يجب أن تعرف وتـُـسْأل عن شؤون المجلس وشجونه – موتاً أو حياةً – فهي الجهات المؤسسة والمكونة له، لا أحد غيرها. كما أن المجلس وبحكم الادعاء بأنه قائم بأمر الشعب ولأجل الشعب، فليس أقل من أن يعرض قادته أمره، خيراً أو شراً، علي الشعب.

 

 

مع كل ذلك الخلاف والتباين حول المظلة الجامعة لكيانات المعارضة لا زلنا في حزب الشعب الديمقراطي الارتري علي قناعتنا بأن تكوين مظلة وطنية فعالة لقوى المعارضة أمر حتمي وممكن مهما كانت التحديات والمعوقات. وانطلاقاً من قناعته هذه ومن قرار مؤتمره الثاني القائل: ( إن حزبنا قرر أن لا يدخر جهداً في المشاركة في المجهود الوطني الهادف لمحاربة ثقافة الإقصاء والريبة المعيقة لكل تطور إيجابي في بلادنا ) لذلك انطلاقاً من ذلك كله واستناداً اليه أتت مشاركتنا في لقاءي فرانكفورت ونيروبي. وسيظل ديدنه أن لا يتخلف عن ركب أي بادرة أمل وبصيص ضوء في نهاية أي نفق مظلم.                   

                                                                                            

 
 
A new report prepared by the Security Sector Program (ISSP) of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) and the Nairobi-based SAHAN Foundation has revealed that Eritrean diplomats and prominent nationalities of the Red Sea state are massively involved in human trafficking and smuggling activities in the Horn of Africa region.

The report was prepared upon the request of the governments of Ethiopia and Sudan and describes the illegal activities that are taking place from the Horn of Africa via Libya to Europe as a “dangerous and organized illicit trade”.

The 39-page report entitled, “Human Smuggling and Trafficking on the Horn of Africa-Central Mediterranean Route” was made public February 19, 2016 during a consultation meeting organized by the new ISSP office, which was opened in Addis Ababa.

The new report was summarized and presented to the Addis Ababa-based diplomats and the press by Matt Bryden, chairman of SAHAN. Bryden indicated the different human trafficking routes, mainly the Northern and Southern route, to Europe.

Accordingly, human trafficking between the Horn of Africa and Europe is run by a “sophisticated and integrated international networks that derive massive profits from the mass movement of thousands of migrants and refugees”.

“The principal smugglers and trafficking kingpins who dominate the central Mediterranean Route are predominantly Eritrean in nationality who reportedly collaborate with ethnic Somalis, Ethiopians and Sudanese to eases border crossings,” the report read.

The study claimed that there are two groups of migrants from Eritrea; those who fled Eritrea on their own and those who claim to have been assisted. Those travelers said that they have contacted facilitators in and outside Eritrea for a safe passage out of the country. Others allegedly said to have contacted smugglers over the internet who provided local contacts usually in Asmara.

“These facilitators – alleged to be government facilitators – would typically arrange for transportation to Sudan or Ethiopia without any immigration procedure…Some prominent Eritrean human smugglers appear to rely upon the services of Eritrean diplomats abroad,” the report stated.

Some migrants are also reported to have obtained Eritrean ID cards and passports at the Eritrean embassy in Khartoum.

Some well-connected Eritrean smugglers operating from Khartoum are said to have organized flights to remote international destinations from where European visas are obtained for their passengers.

The report identifies some of the key Eritrean nationals involved in smuggling and trafficking.

Among them is an Eritrean individual known as John Habtu a.k.a. Obama. He is mentioned and profiled in the report. Another pioneer smuggler was Habtom Merhay, who is indicted in the US in 2010 and pleaded guilty to having smuggled several “first-class” migrants from Eritrea.

The other smuggler is a man by the name Efrem Misgna, who according the the report has been arrested in Italy, routinely serves as an escort for Eritrean government and party officials when they visit Europe. The report also published a picture of Efrem along with Yemane Gebreab, senior government official, during the latter's visit to Stockholm in 2012.

“Human trafficking is an issue related to security that demands concerted efforts from members of the IGAD region and the international community” Commander Abebe Muluneh, Director of ISSP, who chaired the meeting, said.

It was also reported that migrants risk abandonment in the desert, kidnapping for ransom by criminal gangs and abduction or execution by militants affiliated with the Islamic State (IS).

The attendees expressed the urgency and need for international collaboration to respond to the problem. Some even demanded the Security Council to pass a resolution against the officials and criminals involved in the smuggling.

It is reported that there is a sharp increase in the arrival of Eritrean refugees in Ethiopia, with a record of 34,451 new arrivals into Ethiopian camps between January 1 and August 31 in the year 2015.

Back in 2015, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in Ethiopia has reported the total number of Eritrean refugees and asylum seekers is well over 140,000.

This new report indicated that – in the same year – 154,000 migrants entered Europe via the Central Median Route. Out of this 39,000 migrants are from Eritrea, which is the second smallest country in Africa.

The study, which was conducted between June and September of 2015 worked in close consultation with government officials from Ethiopia and Sudan and reportedly received excellent support from European countries, notably the UK and Italy. Researchers also stated that they have visited Egypt, France, Kenya, Sudan, Switzerland, Tunisia and the UK to meet with government and NGO officials and migrants from the Horn of Africa, mainly from Eritrea. The team also said that it interviewed over 200 fresh migrants, some during first arrival and others in the country of destination.

Source=http://www.thereporterethiopia.com/content/report-reveals-eritrean-diplomats-prominent-nationals-involvement-human-smuggling#.VsmgOzcH3Us.mailto

من بين محددات كثيرة لنجاح أو عدم نجاح أي عمل مشترك أو قضية عامة بين رجال السياسة أو أي مجال اقتصادي – اجتماعي آخر، تأتي الثقة أو عدمها كمحدد رئيس لذلك النجاح من عدمه، الثقة عامل من عوامل النجاح وليس عاملاً من عوامل الخسارة. ولأن الجميع يعلم هذه الحقيقة يعملون أو يطمحون لتحقيق الثقة بينهم، ولكن الكسب يكون بقدر الإخلاص في خدمة ما نطمح اليه، وبما أن الريبة عدو الثقة فلا يمكنك العمل مع شخصٍ أو جهةٍ لا تثق بها. والريبة المقصودة ليست تلك التي لا يمكن أن تخلو الثقة من شيء منها، بل نعني أنها – أي الريبة – تلك التي تأخذ قسطاً كبيراً يحد من مساحة الثقة ويشكل خطراً عليها. لذا لا يجب أن يقيدنا التخوف من وجود عنصر غير موثوق أو قضية مريبة عن العمل المشترك مع الآخرين.

 

ولأن الشك قابل للتحول عبر الأيام الي ثقة يجب أن لا يعيقنا عن الانخراط في مسارح العمل المشترك، والثقة مثلها مثل أي هدف أو طموح تتحقق عبر مسيرة العمل الميداني المشترك ولا توهب جاهزةً ملفوفةً في ورق السلوفان مثل تحف وأيقونات الإهداء. علي أننا يجب أن لا ننسى أن خلق الثقة كالرغبة في تحقيقها تتطلب جهداً وتضحية بقدر أهميتها، علماً أن الثقة والشك يتبادلان الرجحان لديك بقدر ما تثق أو تشك في الآخرين، أي إن ثقة الآخرين بك من ثقتك بهم وشكهم من شكك بهم.

 

كما هو الحال في معسكر المعارضة لدينا خلافات وتباينات عديدة نتميز بها قد تسمح لنا بإدارة الخلاف فيما بيننا وليس إلغاءه، منها: المعتقد، الجنس (النوع)، العمر، التجربة، الرؤية السياسية، و...و...الخ، ومن التباين في مثل هذه العناصر تنشأ أو تنبت بذرة الشك. إن تسليمنا بهذا التباين وخلق الثقة بديلاً للشك فلن يعيقنا عائق عن انتصارنا في معركتنا لتحقيق الديمقراطية والتغيير. إن الثقة الحقيقية تنبني عبر إجراء تغيير متزامن في العقليات المتباينة، وبقدر التباين في الآراء تتفاوت المدة التي يأخذها التأقلم علي عقليات قوى العمل المشترك وبالتالي مع كل تقدم في تغيير العقلية تتقدم المسيرة نحو الثقة والانسجام. وهذا الزمن الذي تستغرقه عملية بناء الثقة هو الذي نعنيه باصطلاحنا مسيرة العمل أو أثناء العمل معاً أو الاحتكاك ببعضنا البعض.

 

إن الشك في مكانه وزمانه ليس جريمةً ولا خطأ، وفي غير ذلك يعتبر قيداً معيقاً وغلاً ثقيلاً. إن شرح إمكانية تسبـُّــب عناصر التباين التي ذكرناها أعلاه في خلق الشك وإضعاف الثقة لا تسمح به هذه العجالة، لكن عنصراً واحداً ذا أهمية خاصة يتطلبها الحاضر يستحق منا هذا الشرح. منذ ما قبل عامين أو ثلاث، وبالذات بعد لقاء نيروبي التشاوري أدركنا أن الشك والتباين بين تجربتي ثورتنا التحررية ( الجبهة والشعبية ) كان دائم التواجد في أي مناسبة عمل مشترك. لكننا الآن لسنا هنا بصدد المقارنة بين التجربتين، لنترك الأمر للباحثين والمؤرخين. إلا أنه في كل الأحوال يجب علينا جميعاً السعي لإزاحة الشك وزرع الثقة. ترى الي أين يتجه ما هو محل شكنا؟ هل يتجه نحو ثقة حقيقية أم نترك أمر الثقة للزمن ونعمل سوياً بإخلاص علي الحد الأدنى لما يجمع بيننا؟! إذا كان لدينا استعداد حقيقي وعقلية موضوعية، فلا نشك لحظة أننا قادرون علي خلق ثقة كافية لتمكيننا من العيش معاً والإنجاز بشكلٍ مشترك وهذا هو المسرح والمسار والمضمار الحقيقي الذي تنشأ فيه الثقة وتنمو وتتكاثر.          

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