ፈጻሚ ሽማግለ ሰልፊ ዲሞክራሲ ህዝቢ ኤርትራ (ሰዲህኤ) ብ21 ጥሪ 2023 መበል 12 ስሩዕ ኣኼባኡ ኣካይዱ። ኣቦመንር ሰዲህኤ ብጻይ ተስፋይ ወልደሚካኤል (ደጊጋ)፡ ኣኼባ ክኸፍት እንከሎ፡ “እንኳዕ ናብ ሓድሽ ዓመት 2023 ኣብጸሓና” ኢሉ፡ ሓድሽ ዓመት ናይ ዓወትን ኣሳልጦን ክትከውን ዘለዎ ተስፋን እምነትን ገሊጹ። ኣተሓሒዙ ከኣ ኣጀንዳ ኣኼባ ኣፋሊጡ፡ መበገሲ ዝኾኑ ኣገደስቲ እውናዊ ነጥብታት ጠቒሱ።
ፈጻሚ ሽማግለ ኣብዚ ስሩዕ ኣኼባኡ፡ ከም ቀንዲ ኣጀንዳኡ ብኣብያተ-ጽሕፈት ፈጻሚ ሽማግለ ተዳልዩ ዝቐረበን ሓለፍቲ ኣብያተ-ጽሕፈት ሓጸርቲ መብርህታት ዝሃብሉን ጸብጻባት በብሓደ መዚኑን ኣድላይ ዝበሎ ምትዕርራያትን መመላእታን ወሲኹን ኣጽዲቑ። ኣብቲ ነዚ ጸብጻባት መሰረት ገይሩ ዘካየዶ ምይይጥ፡ ብፍላይ ካብ ዘተኮረሎም ነጥብታት፡ ምዕዋት ኣብ መጻኢ ወርሒ ሓምለ 2023 ዝካየድ 4ይ ስሩዕ ጉባአ ሰዲህኤን ፈስቲቫል ኤርትራን፡ ኤርትራዊ ፖለቲካዊ ሓልታት ብሓባር ዝቃለስሉ መድረኽ ንምፍጣር ዝግበር ዘሎ ጻዕርን በጺሕዎ ዘሎ ደረጃን ከምኡ እውን ጉጅለ ህግደፍ ኣብ ልዕሊ ህዝቢ ኤርትራ ዝፍጽሞ ዘሎ ቀጻሊ በደልን ነዚ ንምውጋድ ክግበር ዝግበኦ ናይ ሓይልታት ለውጢ ናይ ሓባር ቃልስን ዝብሉ ዛዕባታት ይርከብዎም።
ብመሰረት እቲ ጸብጻባት፡ ኣኼባ ኣብ ኣገደስቲ ዛዕባታት ውሳነታት እውን ኣመሓላሊፉ። ፈጻሚ ሽማግለ ብሓፈሻ ተሳትፎ ኣባላት ሰልፊ ኣብ ዝነኣድ ደረጃ ከም ዘሎ፡ ብፍላይ ከኣ ምድላዋት 4ይ ጉባአ ንምዕዋት ኣብ ኩሉ መዳያት ዘካይዶ ዘሎ ሓያል ጻዕሪ ኣብ ዘተባብዕ ደረጃ ከምዘሎ ብመሰረት ጸብጻብ ኣሰናዳኢት ሽማግለ መዚኑ። እዚ ተሳትፎ ኣባላት ቀጻሊ ከም ዝኸውን ርዱእ ኮይኑ፡ ምስቲ ዘለናዮ መድረኽ ኣዝዩ ዝተሓላለኸ ምዃኑን ብመንጽር ኣብ ቅድሜና ዘሎ ተደራራቢ ሰልፋዊ ዕማማትን ንዝያዳ ኣበርክቶን ተሳትፎን ምብርባር ከም ዘድሊ’ውን ተገንዚቡ።
ኣኼባ ኣብ መወዳእታ መላእ ህዝቢ ኤርትራን ውዳበታቱን፡ ብክብደት ናይቲ ኣብ ኤርትራ ብሰንኪ ህግደፍ ዝወርድ ዘሎ ጭቆናን ምንዋሕ ቃልስን ከይሰልከዩ ክሳብ ጭቆና ህግደፍ ተወጊዱ፡ ልዕልና ህዝቢ ኤርትራ ዝረጋገጸሉ ስርዓት ዝትከል ብሓባር ቃልሶም ከሕይሉ ጸዊዑ።
ስእሊ ማሕበራዊ መራኸቢ
ሰራዊት ኤርትራ ካብ 20 ጥሪ 2023 ጀሚሩ ካብ ከተማታት ክልል ትግራይ ይወጽእ ከም ዘሎ፡ ማዕከን ዜና ኤኤፍፒ ናይ ዓይኒ መሰኻኽር ብምጥቃስ ሓቢራ። እቲ ሰራዊት ብናይ መካይን ቃፍላይ ከም ዝወጸ ዝሓበረት እታ ማዕከን፡ ምውጻእ እዚ ሰራዊት ንትግባረ እቲ ድሕሪ ከቢድ ዕንወት ዝተበጽሐ ውዕል ሰላም ኣገዳሲ ምዕባለ ከም ዝኸውን ገሊጻ።
ህላወ ሰራዊት ኤርትራ ኣብ ትግራይ፡ ነቲ ኣብ መንጎ ፈደራላዊ መንግስቲ ኢትዮጵያን ክልል ትግራይን ኣብ ደቡብ ኣፍሪቃን ኬንያን ዝተበጽሐ ስምምዕ ኣብ ምትግባር ዓብይ ዕንቅፋትን ብደሆን ኮይኑ ከም ዝጸንሐ ኣብቲ ጸብጻብ ተጠቒሱ። ኣብዚ ድሕሪ ካብ ፍርቂ ሚልዮን ሰባት ዝሞትሉ ውግእ ብሰላም ንክፍታሕ ዝተበጽሐ ስምምዕ ሰላም፡ እቲ ምስ መንግስቲ ኢትዮጵያ ወጊኑ ኣንጻር ትግራይ ክዋጋእ ዝጸንሐ ሰራዊት ኤርትራ ኣካልቲ ስምምዕ ከምዘይነበረን በዚ ሕጉስ ከምዘይኮነን እቲ ዜና ጠቒሱ።
ዝተፍላለዩ ኣብ ሽረን ከባቢኣን ዘለዉ ሰራሕተኛታት ዘይመንግስታዊ ትካላት ብወገኖም፡ እተን ኣጽዋርን ሰራዊትን ዝጸዕና ብዙሓት መካይን ካብ ሽረ ብኣንፈት ዓዲ ዳዕሮ ንወገን ሸራሮ ከም ዝተጓዕዛ ምስክርነቶም ሂቦም። ብዘይካዚ ነበርቲ ከተማታት ኣኽሱምን ዓድዋን እውን ናይቲ ሰራዊት ምውጻእ ኣረጋጊጾም፡ ኣብቲ ዝወጽሉ ዝነበረ ሰዓታት ጐደናታት ንዓኣቶም ጥራይ ተሓዚኡ፡ ምንቅስቓስ ካለኦት ኣካላት ተኸልኪሉን ኣገልግሎት ተለፎን ተቛሪጹን ከም ዝነበረ ኣረጋጊጾም።
ኣካላት ሰብኣዊ መሰልን ዝተፈላለዩ መንግስታትን በብግዜኡ ሰራዊት ኤርትራ ክፍጽሞ ዝጸንሐ ዝተፈላለዩ በደላት ብምቅዋም፡ ካብ ትግራይ ክወጽእ ክጽውዑን እንተዘይወጺኡ ስጉምቲ ከም ዝውሰድ ከጠንቅቑን ከም ዝጸንሑ ዝፍለጥ እዩ።
ፈደራላዊ መንግስቲ ኢትዮጵያ፡ ክልል ትግራይን ኤርትራን ብዛዕባ ምውጻእ ናይቲ ሰራዊት ዝሃብዎ ወግዓዊ መግለጺ የለን። ክልል ትግራይ ብተደጋጋሚ ሰራዊት ኤርትራ ንክወጽእ ናብ መንግስቲ ኢትዮጵያን ናይቲ ስምምዕ ተዓዘብቲ ዝነበሩ ወገናትን ተደጋጋሚ ምሕጽንታ ከቕርብ ከም ዝጸንሐ ይፍለጥ።
ኣብ ሃገረ ኖርወይ ከተማ ትሮንድሃይ፡ ኣብታ ሃገር ብዘሎ መሳርሒ ህግደፍ ዝኾነ፡ ብስም ማሕበረሰብ ኤርትራ (Den Eritreiske Forening I Midt Norge) ዝተዳለወ፡ ን14 ጥሪ 2023 ተሓሲቡ ብምስጢር ክስረሓሉ ዝጸንሐ መደብ ወጋሕ ትበልለይቲ፡ ብተባዕ ሕጋዊ መስርሕ ኣብታ ከተማ ዝነብሩ ኤርትራውያን መንእሰያት ከም ዝፈሸለ፡ ነቲ ኩነታት ብቐረባ ክከታተሉ ዝጸንሑ ምንጭታት ሓቢሮም።
ናይዚ ዝፈሸለ መደብ ዕላማ “ወጋሕ ትበል ነይቲ” ብዝብል ባህላዊ ጉልባብ፡ ገንዘብ ንምእካብን ጸረ ህዝብን ምልካውን ፕሮፖጋንዳ ህግደፍ ኣስሪጽካ፡ ህዝቢ ግዳይቲ ጉጅለ ንምግባርን እዩ ነይሩ። እቶም ኣዳለውቲ ነዚ ጸረ ህዝቢ መደባቶም ንምዕዋት፡ ብምስጢር ካብ ናይታ ከተማ ፖሊስን ምምሕድርን ፈቓድ ረኺቦም ነይሮም እዮም። በዚ ፈቓድ ተኣማሚኖም ድማ፡ እኽለማይ ኣዳልዮም፡ በጀት መሓሪ፡ ሁመድ እድሪስን ኣሚር ጠዓመን ዝተባህሉ ደረፍትን ተለሃይትን ካብ ሃገረ ሽወደን ገንዘብ ከፊሎም ኣምጺኦም ከም ዝነበሩ እቶም ምንጭታት ብተወሳኺ ሓቢሮም።
ነዚ ኩነታት ክጸናጸኑ ዝጸንሑ ኤርትራውያን መንእሰያት ተቐማጦ ከተማ ትሮንድሃይ ኣብ ሓጺር ግዜ ሓበሬታ ብምልውዋጥ ናይቲ ዝዳሎ ዝነበረ መደብ ሓደገኛነት ዝገልጽ ብኣማኢት ዝቑጸር ናይ ቴለፎን መልእኽትን መጠንቀቕታን ናብ ፖሊስ እታ ከተማ ኣመሓላሊፎም። እዚ መልእኽቲ ዝበጸሖ ፖሊስ ኣብቲ ተመዲብሉ ዝነበረ ዕለት 14 ጥሪ 2023 ሰዓት 4 ድሕሪ ቀትሪ፡ እቲ ብምስጢር ክዳሎ ዝጸንሐ መደብ ንክቋረጽ ወሲኑ። እዚ ናይ ፖሊስ ውሳነ ዝበጸሖም ኣዳለውቲ፡ ብዘይሙዚቃ ኣብቲ ኣቐዲሞም ዝተኻረይዎ ኣዳራሽ ኮይኖም፡ ነቲ ዘዳለዉዎ እኽለማይ ክምገብዎኳ እንተሓተቱ ብፖሊስ ተቐባልነት ስኢኖም ነናብ ዝመጽዎ ከም ዝተበተኑ ተፈሊጡ።
እቶም ኣዳለውቲ ነቲ ምድላው ምስ ህግደፍ ምትእስሳር ዘየብሉ ናይ ሓድሽ ዓመት ሰናይ ትምኒት መግለጺ ከምስልዎኳ ካብ ኣዳራሽ ወጻኢ ባነራት እንተዘርግሑ፡ ኣብ ውሽጢ እቲ ኣዳራሽ ግና፡ ስእልታት ተዓለምቲ ሳዋ ሰቒሎም፡ “ተዋጊኡ ዝሰዓረ መጒቱ ዝረተዐ ዘይጸዓድ ህዝቢ” ዝብልን ካልእን ህግደፋዊ ጭረሖታት ለጢፎም ከም ዝነበሩ ተቓሊዑ።
ነዚ መደብ ዘፍሸሉ ብሓፈሻ ናይታ ከተማ ነበርቲ ኤርትራውያን ክኾኑ እንከለዉ መንእሰያት ድማ ላዕለዋይ ኢድ ከም ዝነበሮም ተሓቢሩ። ኣብዚ እቲ ዝነኣድን ከም ኣብነት ክውሰድ ዝግበኦን እቶም መንእሰያት መደባቶም ንምዕዋት ዝኸድዎ መስርሕ ሰላማውን ሕጋዊ ተሓታትነት ዘስዕብን ምንባሩ እዩ። ከምዚ ስለ ዝኾነ ከኣ ህግደፍ ነቲ ዘፍሸሎ ስርሒት ዝምዝምዘሉ ዕድል ኣይረኸበን።
ርእሰ ዓንቀጽ ሰዲህኤ
ስደት ኤርትራውያን ካብ 60ታት ዝጀመረ ክሳብ ሕጂ ዘይዛረየ ዋሕዚ እዩ። ስደት ዝተፈላለዩ ጠንቅታት ዘለዉዎ ኮይኑ፡ ጠንቂ ስደት ኤርትራውያን ከኣ ቅድም ተኸታታሊ ወጽዓ ባዕዳውያን ገዛእቲ ክኸውን እንከሎ፡ ድሒሩ ድማ ዘቤታዊ ጭቖናን ግፍዕን ህግደፍ እዩ። ስደት ኤርትራውያን ብሓፈሻ ናብ ጐረባብቲ ሃገራት፡ ብፍላይ ድማ ናብ ሱዳን እዩ ነይሩ። ሎሚ ግና “ኤርትራዊ ስደተኛ ዘይረገጻ ሃገር የለን” ክሳብ ዝበሃል፡ ኣብ መላእ ዓለማ ተበቲኑ ኣሎ። ዝተፈላለዩ ግዱሳት ወገናት፡ ብዝሒ ኣብ ዓድን ስደትን ዘሎ ኤርትራዊ ማዕረ እዩ ክብሉ እንከለዉ፡ ነቲ ኣብ ስደት ዘሎ ዘብዝሕዎ’ውን ኣለዉ።
ጠንቂ ስደት ኣብ ገዛእ ሃገርካ ዘየንብር፡ ፖለቲካዊ፡ ጸጥታውን ማሕበረ-ቁጠባውን ጸገም ከጋጥም እንከሎ እዩ። ስደት ግዝያዊ መዕገስን መድሓኒ ህይወትን እምበር፡ መሰረታዊ መፍትሒ ናይቲ ጸገም ከምዘይኮነ ዝተረጋገጸ እዩ። ጠንቅታት ስደት ንምውጋድን መሰረታዊ መፍትሒ ንምርካብን ኣብ ዝግበር ቃልሲ፡ ናይቶም ግዳያት ስደት ብጽሒት ዓብይ ግምት ዝወሃቦ እዩ። ኤርትራውያን ስደተኛታት ከካብ ዝነበርዎ ኩርነዓት ዓለም፡ ኣብ ግዜ ቃልሲ ንናጽነት ዘበርከትዎ ሰብኣውን ንዋታውን ኣበርክቶን ተሳትፎን ኣብ ዓወት ንምብጻሕ ዝነበሮ ግደ ህያው እዩ። እዞም ስደተኛታት ድሕሪ ናጽነት ናብ ዓዶም ክምለሱ እሞ፡ ጻማ ቃልሶም ሃገሮም ክሃንጹን ቀሲኖም ክነብሩን ናይ ኩሉ ደላይ ሰላም ትጽቢትን ሃረርታን ነይሩ። እንተኾነ ድሕሪ ናጽነት እውን ብኣንጻሩ ኮይኑ፡ ዋሕዚ ኤርትራውያን ናብ ስደት ብተዓጻጻፊ ወሲኹ። እዚ ግምጥሊሽ ተረኽቦ ኣብ ተመኩሮ ካለኦት ኣይተራእየን። ምናልባት ሳሕቲ እንተኣጋጠመ እውን ከምዚ ኣብ ኤርትራ ዝተራእየ ናይ ፍልሰት መልክዕ ዝሓዘ ኣይኮነን።
ስደት መሬትካን ተወሊድካ ዝዓበኻሉ መረበትካን ጥራይ ኣይኮነን ዘስእነካ። ነቲ ኣብ ሃገርካ እተስተማቕሮ ክቡር ባህልኻ፡ ቋንቋኻ፡ ልምድኻ፡ እምነትካን ቤተሰብካን እውን ዘስእን እዩ። ስደት ደረጃታት ኣለዎ። እቲ ዝኸፈአ እቲ ኣብ ድኻታትን ድሕነተንን ድሕነት ስደተኛታት ዘይሕልዋን ሃገራት፡ ኣብ መደበራት ዝሓለፍ ናብራ እዩ። ኣብ ከም’ዚ ዝኣመሰለ መደበራት ስደተኛታት፡ መግቢ፡ ሕክምና፡ ትምህርትን ካልእ መሰረታዊ ቀረብን ጥራይ ኣይኮኑን ዝስእኑ። ሰብኣውነቶም እውን ኣብ ሓደጋ እዩ ዝኣቱ። ኣብዚ እዋንዚ ኣብ መደበር ስደተኛታት፡ ሱዳን፡ ኢትዮጵያን ጅቡትን ዘለዉ ኤርትራውያን ዝሕልፍዎ ዘለዉ ናይ ሞትን ሕየትን ህይወት ናይዚ ኣብነት እዩ። ዋላኳ ኣብ ዝሓሸ ሃዋህው ስደት ኣብ ዓውዲ ቁጠባ ይኹን መኣዲ ትምህርቲ ዝዕወቱ ስደተኛታት እንተለዉ፡ ኩሉቲ ዝረኸብዎ መንፈሳውን ነገራውን ጸጋታት ነቲ ናይ ሃገሮም ክብሪ ዝገዝእ ግን ኣይኮነን። እዚ ማለት በቲ ዝረኽብዎ ዕድል ናይ ሃገሮም ምቓረትን ክብርን ክገዝኡ ኣይክእሉን እዮም። እዚ እዩ ከኣ ኣብ ትሕቲ ዝኾነ ይኹን ኩነታት፡ ስደት ግዝያዊ መዕገሲ እምበር መሰረታዊ መፍትሒ ኣይኮነን ዘብል።
ናይ ስደት ሕማቕ መነባብሮ ንምብዳህ፡ ናይቲ ስደተኛ ኮይንካ እትነብረሉ ሃገርን ህዝብን ባህርያትን መነባብሮን ምግንዛብን ምኽባርን ናይ ግድን እዩ። ናይቲ ሃገር መንግስቲ ዝምረሓሎም ሕግታትን ዘውጸኦም መምርሕታትን ምርዳእን ካልእ ግደታ እዩ። እቲ ኣብ ሃገርካ ከይፈተኻ ገዲፍካዮ ዝተሰደድካ መንፈሳውን ነገራውን ጸጋታት ናብ ዓዲ ስደት ኣይስዕበካን እዩ። ኣብ ክንድኡ ኣብኡ ክሳብ ዘለኻ፡ ናይቲ ከም ስደተኛ እትነብረሉ ሃገር ኩለ-መዳያዊ ኩነታት ምርዳእን ምልማድን የድሊ። ሓሓሊፉ ኣብ ዝተፈላለያ ሃገራት ዝነብሩ ኤርትራውያን ስደተኛታት ዘርእይዎ ጉድለታት ድማ ነዚ ካብ ዘይምርዳእ እዩ ዝነቅል። ናብራ ስደት ዝያዳ ምትሕግጋዝ፡ ምትሕልላይን ምድግጋፍን ስለ ዘድሊ፡ ተረኽቦታት ከምቲ ዝኾንዎ እምበር፡ ከምቲ እትደልዮ ክኾኑ ከምዘይክእሉ ምግንዛብ የድሊ። ኣብዚ እዋንዚ ኣብ ዝተፈላለያ ሃገራት፡ ኣብ ኤርትራውያን ስደተኛታት ሓሓሊፉ ዝረአ ሕድሕድ ምጭኽኻን ቀልጢፉ እንተዘይተኣሪሙ ናብ ሕማቕ ከየምርሕን ናብ ኤርትራ ከይልሕምን ዘየስግእ ኣይኮነን። እዚ ናብቶም ዝጋጨዉ ኤርትራውያን መንእሰያት ጥራይ ዝግደፍ ዘይኮነ፡ ኩሉ ደላይ ኤርትራዊ ሕውነትን፣ ሓድነትን ስኒትን ዘገድሶ ክቃለሰሉ ዝግበኦ እዩ።
ስደት ዝያዳ እትቃለሰሉ እምበር ካብ ፖለቲካዊ ተሳትፎ ሃገርካ እትሕበኣሉ ኣተሃላልዋ ኣይኮነን። ታሪኽ ነባራት መደበር ኤርትራውያን ስደተኛታት ኣብ ሱዳንን ካልእ ከባቢታትን ከኣ ሓያል ተሳታፍነትን ጽንዓትን ዘርኣየ እዩ። ኣብዚ ንርከበሉ ዘለና ፖለቲካዊ ሃለዋት ኤርትራውያን መንእሰያት ስደተኛታት ዘርእይዎ ዘለዉ ተሳትፎውን ዝነኣድ እዩ። መንእሰያት ብስደት ኣመኽንዮም ክሃድምሉ ዘይክእሉ ትውልዲ ናይ ምርኽኻብን ምስግጋርን ሓላፍነት ከም ዘለዎም ፍሉጥ እዩ። እዚ ንርከበሉ ዘለና መዋእል ናይ ኣተሓሳስባ ብዙሕነት በሪኽ ቦታ ዝሓዘለ ስለ ዝኾነ፡ ኣብ ስደተኛታት መንእስያት እውን ናይ ኣተሓሳስባ ፍልልያት ከም ዘሎ ንዕዘቦ ዘለና እዩ። ናይ ኣተሓሳስባ ብዙሕነት መማረጺ ናይ ምርካብ ጸጋ ዝኸውን ብሕግን ስርዓትን፡ ብምክኣልን ምጽውዋርን ክግራሕ እንከሎ እዩ። ናይቲ ነዚ ብዙሕነት እተንጸባርቐሉ ባይታ ባህሪ ኣብ ግምት ምእታው እውን የድሊ። ንናይ ኣተሓሳስባ ፍልልያት ናብ ግጭትን ጐነጽን ምዕራጉን ናብ ምዝራግ ሓድነት ህዝቢ ምውሳዱን ግና ኣይኮነንዶ ኣብ ዓዲ ጓና ኮይንካ፡ ኣብ ገዛእ ሃገርካ እንተኾነ እውን ዝምረጽ ኣይኮነን።
ኤርትራውያን መንእሰያት ኣብ ስደት ዘካይድዎ ዘለዉ ቃልሲ ምሉእን ኣድማዕን ዝኸውን፡ ንዝሓለፈ ተመኩሮ ኣፍሪሱ ከም ሓድሽ ክጅምር እንከሎ ኣይኮነን። ኣብ ክንዲ ከምኡ ንዝሓለፈ ተመኩሮን ዝተኸፍለ ዋጋን ግቡእ ቦታ ዝህብ፡ ካብኡ እቲ ከቐጽል ዝኽእል እወንታታት ወሪሱ፡ ኣብ ርእሲኡ እናመለአ ዝሃንጽ ክኸውን ይግበኦ። ከምኡ እንተዘይኮኑ፡ እቲ ድሕሪኡ ዝመጽእ ወለዶ’ውን፣ ነቲ ዝተረከቦ ኣፍሪሱ ከም ብሓድሽ ክጅምር እየ እንተይሉ፡ ኣብ መፈጸምታ ዘየብሉ ምጅማር ምንባር እዩ ዝኸውን። ኣብ ምዕዋትን ዘይምዕዋትን ህልዊ ፖለቲካ ኤርትራ፡ ብዙሕነታዊ ሓድነት ምዕቃብ ዓንዲ ማእከል ዓወት እዩ። ነዚ ብሃይማኖት፡ ኣውራጃን ካልእ ጸቢብነትን ኣዳኺምካ ዝረጋገጽ ዓወት የለን። ስለዚ ጉዳይ ሓድነት ኣብ ነፍሲ ወከፍ ስጉምቲ ግቡእ ኣቓልቦ ክረክብ ይግበኦ።
ኣብዚ እዋንዚ ካብ ዝተፈላለዩ ኩርነዓት ብዛዕባ ኤርትራውያን መንእሰያት ስደተኛታት ዝስምዑ፡ “ነብሱ ቀቲሉ፡ በዓልቲ ቤቱን ደቁን ኣጥፊኡ፡ ንዓርኩ ጐዲኡ” ዝብሉን ዝኣመሰሉን ናይ ጭካነ ተግባራት፡ ቀንዲ ማህሰይቶም ኣብቶም ቀጥታ ግዳያት እዩ። ካብኡ ሓሊፉ ኣብ ልዕሊ’ቶም ዘይወዓልዎ ኤርትራውያን ዘሕድሮ ተጽዕኖ ቀሊል ኣይኮነን። ስለዚ ነዚ ሓደ ካብ መግለጽታት ምረት ስደት ዝኾነ ጨካን ተርእዮታት ኣብ ምውጋድ፡ ኩሉ ኤርትራዊ ኣብ ክንዲ ፍልልያት ምግፋሕ፡ በብዓቕሙን ክእለቱን ንዕርቂ: ሰላምን ስኒትን ክጽዕት ይግበኦ።
Eritrea and Russia sign memorandum linking Russia’s naval base with Massawa
Written by Martin Plaut
Citing an announcement by Eritrean Ambassador to Russia Petros Tseggai, state media outlet RIA Novosti reports that the Red Sea port city of Massawa has signed a memorandum of understanding with [Black Sea naval base] Sevastopol. According to Tseggai, an official exchange of delegations is already planned as the two countries seek to develop closer ties. The ambassador likewise noted that he visited Crimea and Sevastopol during the Soviet era and that the peninsula has seen only positive change since returning to Russian control [in 2014]. Eritrea is an East African nation with an agricultural based economy and a growing industrial mining sector. Its capital Asmara enjoys a reputation among tourists as being the safest on the African continent. The RIA Novosti report cited in the above video: Source: 8 January 2023, RIA Novosti) Massawa and Sevastopol Sign Agreement of Cooperation Eritrean Ambassador to Russia Petros Tseggai: Port city Massawa and Sevastopol have signed a memorandum of understanding
MOSCOW, 8 JAN- RIA Novosti In an interview [today] with RIA Novosti, Eritrean Ambassador to Russia Petros Tseggai announced that the Eritrean Red Sea port city of Massawa and Sevastopol have signed a memorandum of understanding. In addition, an official exchange of delegations is scheduled. “We have signed a memorandum of understanding between the ports of Massawa and Sevastopol,” Ambassador Tseggai said. “I would like to see something come out of this collaboration.” He noted that an official exchange of delegations is already planned as the two countries seek to develop closer ties. “People in our country have yet to fully appreciate the promise of such a partnership,” the Eritrean diplomat added. “We will have an official exchange of delegations and this will develop.” Ambassador Tseggai said that he visited Crimea during the Soviet era when he was a student in Odessa, and that Sevastopol made an impression on him at that time. “I visited Alushta as a student. Now it (Crimea) has improved a lot. During the Soviet era it wasn’t bad either. I was in Sevastopol, which I'm told was completely destroyed during the Second World War. Both (British Prime Minister Winston) Churchill and others said it wouldn’t be rebuilt even in 70 years,” noted the ambassador. |
ኣብ ትግራይ ቅድሚ 8 ኣዋርሕ ካብ ዝተኣስሩ 5 ጋዜጠኛታት ተለቪዥን ትግራይ፡ እቶም ሰለስተ ብውሳነ ቤት ፍርዲ ናይቲ ክልል ኣብዚ ቀረባ መዓልታት ከም ዝተፈትሑ ተሓቢሩ። እዞም ጋዜጠኛታት ቅድሚ 8 ኣዋርሕ ፈደራላዊ መንግስቲ ኢትዮጵያ ንከተማ መቐለ ኣብ ዝተቖጻጸረሉ፡ ምስ ጸላኢ ብምትሕብባር ናይ ጸላኢ ፕሮፖጋንዳ ዘርጊሕኩም ብዝብል ክሲ እዮም ተኣሲሮም። ቅድሚ ሓደ ሰሙን ዝተፈትሐ ኣብ ተለቪዥን ትግራይ ን16 ዓመታት ዝሰርሐ ጋዜጠኛ ምስጋናው ስዩም፡ ኣብቲ ስራሕ ብፈደራላዊ መንግስቲ ኢትዮጵያ ተሰይሙ ብዝነበረ ግዝያዊ ምምሕዳር ትግራይ ከም ዝተመደቡ ኣፍሊጡ።
እቶም ዝተፈትሑ ሰለስተ ጋዜጠኛታት፡ ተሾመ ጣምያለው፡ ምስጋናው ስዩምን ሓበን ሓለፎምን ክኾኑ እንከለዉ፡ እቶም ጌና ዘይተፈትሑን ኣብ መደበር ፖሊስ ተታሒዞም ዘለዉን፡ ክሶም ካብ ናይቶም ዝተፈትሑ ዘይፍለ ድማ ሃይለሚካኤል ገሰሰን ዳዊት መኮነንን ምዃኖም እቲ ዜና ሓቢሩ። ናይዞም ዘይተፈትሑ ክልተ ጋዜጠኛታት ጉዳይ ብቤት ፍርዲ ን18 ለካቲት 2023 ብቖጸራ ተታሒዙ ከም ዘሎ እውን ክፍለጥ ተኻኢሉ።
.ናይ ጋዜጠኛ ሃይለሚካኤል ገሰሰ ጠበቓ፡ ኣቶ ኣብረሃ ካሕሳይ፡ እቲ ቤት ፍርዲ መስርሕ ፍርዲ ብዘይምኽታሉን ንክንድዚ ዝኣክል ግዜ ብዘይክሲ ምእሳሩ፡ ግጉይ ምዃኑ ብምጥቃስ፡ ናይ ኢትዮጵያ ሕጊ ፕረስ ከም ዘየኽበረን፡ ጋዜጠኛ ሓሳቡ ብምግላጹ ከምዘይእሰር ዝከላኸል ዓለምለኻዊ ሕግን ከም ዝጠሓሰን ንማዕከናት ዜና ሓቢሮም። እቶም ጠበቓ መስርሕ እቲ ፍርዲ ስሉጥ ዘይምንባሩ እውን ነቒፎም።
ኣብ ኤርትራ ንልዕሊ 20 ዓመታት ዝተኣስሩ ጋዜጠናታት፡ ኣይኮነንዶ ክፍትሑን ብጠበቓ ተሓጊዞም ናብ ፍርዲ ክቐርቡን ዝተኣስርሉ ቦታን ሃለዋቶም እኳ ከምዘይፍለጥ ዝዝከር እዩ።
ፕረሲደንት ጠቕላሊ ፈደራል ቤ/ፍርዲ ኢትዮጵያ ካብ ሓላፍነተን ስሒበን
Written by ቤት ጽሕፈት ዜና ሰዲህኤ
ካብ ጸጋም ናብ የማን፡ ኣቶ ቴድሮስ ምህረቱ፡ ቃለ-መሓላ ዘፈጽም ዳኛን ወ/ሮ መኣዛ ኣሽናፍን
ንዝሓለፈ ኣርባዕተ ዓመታት፡ ምስ ናይ ዶ/ር ኣብይ ኣሕመድ ናብ ስልጣን ምምጻእ፡ ፕረዚደንት ፌደራል ጠቕላሊ ቤት ፍርዲ ኢትዮጵያ ኮይነን ዝጸንሓ ወ/ሮ መኣዛ ኣሸናፊን ምኽትለን ኣቶ ሰለሞን አረዳን ብፍቃዶም ካብ መዝነቶም ከም ዝወረዱን፡ ኣብ ክንደኦም ኣቶ ቴድሮስ ምህረቱን ወ/ሮ ኣበባ እምቢኣለን ብቕደም ሰዓብ ፕረሲደንትን ምክትልን ኮይኖም ካብ 17 ጥሪ 2023 ጀሚሮም ከም ዝተክእዎም ማዕከናት ዜና ኢትዮጵያ ኣፍሊጠን።
እቶም ብፈቓዶም ካብ መዝነቶም ስሒቦም ዝተባህሉ፡ ብፖለቲካዊ ምኽንያት፡ ኣብ ክንዲ ተሰጒጎም ትበሃሉ፡ “ብፈቓድኩም ስሒቡ” ዝብል ተጽዕኖ ከም ዝተገብሮም ክሕብሩ ዝጸንሑ ወገናት ኣለዉ።
ወ/ሮ መኣዛ ኣሸናፊ ቅድሚ ፕረሲደንት ጠቕላሊ ቤት ፍርዲ ምዃነን፡ “እናት ባንክ” ዝበሃል ፋይናንስያዊ ትካልን ማሕበር ናይ ሕጊ ክኢላታት ደቂ ኣንስትዮ ኢትዮጵያን ብምምስራትን ኣብ ዝተፈላለዩ ዘይመንግስታዊ ናይ ሕጊ ትካላትን ናይ ምስራሕ ተመኩሮ ከም ዘለወን ይንገር። እቶም ዝተክእወን ኣቶ ቴድሮስ ምህረቱ ድማ ብደረጃ ተሓጋጋዚ ፕሮፈሰር ኣብ ኣዲስ ኣበባ ዩኒቨርሲቲ ክምህሩ ዝጸንሑ እዮም።
እዚ ከምዚሉ እንከሎ ቀዳማይ ሚኒስተር ኢትዮጵያ ዶ/ር ኣብ ኣሕመድ ዓሊ፡ ኣብዚ ቅንያት ኣብ ቀጻሊ ናይ ሚኒስተራትን ኣንበሳድራትን ምቅይያራት ተጸሚዶም ኣለዉ። ኣብዚ ቀረባ መዓልታት ሚኒስተራት ማዕድን፡ ትራንስፖርትን ሎጂስትክን፡ ሕርሻን ቤት ጽሕፈት ቀዳማይ ሚኒስተርን ካብ ናብ ካቢነ ኣባልነቶም ምውራድ ከም ኣብነት ዝጥቀስ እዩ። እዚ ምቅይያራት ብመንጽር መርገጽ ኣብ ስምምዕ ሰላም ፕሮተርያን ናይሮብን ዝካየድ ዘሎ ምዃኑ ናይ ብዙሓት ተዓዘብቲ ግምት እዩ።
ስእሊ፡ ካብ ማሕበራዊ መራኸቢ
ኣብ 2021 ብዝነበረ ጸብጻብ መሰረት ልዕሊ 580 ሺሕ ኤርትራውያን ስደተኛታትን ሓተቲ ዑቕበን ወጻኢ ካብ ሃገሮም ከም ዝነበሩ ፖለቲካዊ ተመራማሪ ቀርኒ ኣፍሪቃን ጋዜጠኛን እንግሊዛዊ ማርቲን ፕላውትን ንኩነታት ሰብኣዊ መሰል ኤርትራ ብዝምልከት ኣብ ዘካየዶ መጽናዕቲ ሓቢሩ።
ማርቲን ፕላውት ኣብቲ መጽናዕቱ ኣብ ወርሒ ጉንበት 2022 ብዝተገብረ ዳህሳስ፡ እዞም መብዛሕተኦም ግዳይ ስደትን ምሕታት ዑቕባን ክኾኑ ዝተገደዱ ኤርትራውያን፡ ብሰንኪ’ቲ ነታ ሃገር ዝመርሕ ዘሎ ስርዓት ዝተኸተሎ ደረት ዘየብሉ ግዱድ ዕስክርና ቀንዲ ምኽንያት ምዃኑ ኣስፊሩ።
ንምኽንያታት ስደት ብዝምልከት ሓደ ኤርትራዊ ግዳይ ዝሃቦ ሓበሬታ ብምጥቃስ ክገልጽ እንከሎ፡ ገደብ ዘየብሉ ግዱድ ውትህድርናን ናይ ጉልበት ምዝመዛን፡ ንነዊሕ ግዜ ብዘይፍርዲ ማእሰርትን ብኩራት ናጽነት እምነትን ካብቶም ቀንድታት እዮም ኢሉ ኣስፊርዎም። ኣብ ርእሲ’ዚ ምምሕዳር ኤርትራ ኣብ ልዕሊ ዜጋታት፡ ናይ ርኢቶኻ ምግላጽን ምሕሳብን ምቁጽጻር ከም ዘትርር ብምጥቃስ፡ ናይ ዞባ ቀርኒ ኣፍሪቃ ህድኣት ብኣሉታ ዝጸሉ ምዃኑ እውን ጠቒሱ።
እቲ መጽናዕቲ ንፖለቲካውን ዲሞክራስያውን ሃለዋት ኤርትራ ክጠቅስ እንከሎ፡ ብዘይተመርጸ ውልቀሰብ እትምራሕ፡ ሓጋጊ ኣካል፡ ናጻ ሲቪላዊ ማሕበራት፡ ናጻ መዲያን ናይ ፍትሒ ኣካላትን ዘየብላ ሃገር ኢሉዋ። ምስዚ ብዝዛመድ ኢሳያስ ኣፈወርቂ ቅድሚ ሕጂ ዘይመንግስታዊ መድያታት ዓጽዩ ጋዜጠኛታተን ምእሳሩ ኣዘኻኺሩ፡ ኤርትራ ናጻ ካብ እትኸውን ምርጫ ዘይተኻየደላ ሃገር ክብል ጠቒሱዋ።
ህልዊ ምምሕዳር ኤርትራ፡ እቲ ዝተጠቕሰ ጸረ ሰብኣዊ መሰልን ክብርን ተግባራት ከመሓይሽ ይትረፍ፡ ብፍላይ ድሕሪ ኣብ ውግእ ትግራይ ኢዱ ምእታዉ፡ ኣብ ሰራዊት ዘጋጠሞ ጉድለት ንምምላእ ቀጻሊ ግፋ የካይድ ከምዘሎ መስኪሩ። እዚ ከምዚሉ እንከሎ ዲክታተር ኢስያስ ኣፈወርቂ ዝመርሖ ምምሕዳር ኤርትራ፡ ሰራዊቱ ኣብ ትግራይ ከምዘሎን ሰፊሕ ማእሰርትን ዓመጽ ኣብ ልዕሊ ደቂ ኣንስትዮን ምፍጻሙ ይቕጽል ምህላዉ ኣቃሊዑ።
ማርቲን ፕላውት ኣብ መጽናዕቱ፡ ኤርትራ ናይ ሰብኣዊ መሰል ኣተሓሕዘኣ “እንተ ኣመሓየሸት” ብዝብል፡ ብ2021 ኣባል ባይቶ ሰብኣዊ መሰል ሕቡራት ሃገራት ኮይና’ኳ እንተተመዘዘት፡ ብግብሪ ግና ጨቋኒ ኣተሓሕዛኣ ካብ ምትራር ሓሊፉ ለውጢ ከምዘየምጸአት ንኤርትራ ብዝምልከት ዝቐረበ ፍሉይ ጸብጻብ ሰብኣዊ መሰል ሕቡራት ሃገራት ኣረጋጊጹ ኢሉ።
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ተጋዳላይ ማሕፉዝ ኣደም ኣሕመድ፡ ኣባል ሰልፊ ዲሞክራሲ ህዝቢ ኤርትራ ጨንፈር ርያድ፡ ብዝሕደሮ ሕማም ብዓርቢ ዕለት 13 ጥሪ 2023 ዓሪፉ። ብዕለት 14 ጥሪ 2023 ኣብ ከተማ ርያድ ሓመድ ኣዳም ለቢሱ። ስዉእ ማሕፉዝ ብ1958 ኣብ ኣውራጃ ሰራየ ኢዩ ተወሊዱ። ኣብ ብሪገድ 44 ንነዊሕ እዋን ተቓሊሱ።
ሰዲህኤ፡ ንስውእ መንግስተ-ሰማይ የዋርሶ፥ ንስድራቤቱን መቓልስቱን ድማ ጽንዓት ይሃቦም እናበለ ናይ ሓዘኖም ተኻፋላይ ምዃኑ ይገልጽ።
ሰልፊ ዲሞክራሲ ህዝቢ ኤርትራ
14 ጥሪ 2023
How the notorious Eritrean trafficker, Kidane Zekarias Habtemariam, was finally brought to book
Written by Martin Plaut
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Martin Plaut posted: " There were over 580,000 Eritrean refugees and asylum seekers abroad as of the end 2021, and “the overwhelming majority cited the indefinite national service as the principal reason they fled the country,” according to the May 2022 report of the UN speci" Martin Plaut |
There were over 580,000 Eritrean refugees and asylum seekers abroad as of the end 2021, and “the overwhelming majority cited the indefinite national service as the principal reason they fled the country,” according to the May 2022 report of the UN special rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Eritrea. Source: Human Rights Watch EritreaEvents of 2022 A civilian man who fled violence sits in a bed covered with a mosquito net at the compound of the Agda Hotel, in the city of Semera, Ethiopia, February 17, 2022. © 2022 EDUARDO SOTERAS/AFP 1. Indefinite Military Conscription and Forced Labor 2. Unlawful, Prolonged, and Abusive Detentions Eritrea’s government continued to severely repress its population, imposing restrictions on freedom of expression, opinion, and faith, and restricting independent scrutiny by international monitors. Eritrea continued to negatively impact the rights environment in the Horn of Africa region. Eritrea is a one-man dictatorship under unelected President Isaias Afewerki, with no legislature, no independent civil society organizations or media outlets, and no independent judiciary. In 2001, Isaias closed all independent newspapers and arrested 10 journalists held incommunicado to date. Elections have never been held in the country since it gained independence in 1993, and the government has never implemented the 1997 constitution guaranteeing civil rights and limiting executive power. The government has taken no steps to end its widespread forced labor and conscription, instead, reports of mass roundups (giffas in Tigrinya) and forced conscription to fill the army’s ranks increased in the second half of the year as fighting resumed in Ethiopia’s Tigray region. In September, it reportedly recalled reservists (up to the age of 55) in anticipation of renewed fighting alongside Ethiopian security forces in Tigray. Eritrean forces remained in parts of Ethiopia’s Tigray region where they have continued to commit serious violations, including mass arbitrary detentions, and pillage and rape of Tigrayans in Western Tigray zone. The Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) did not report any information on vaccination campaigns in Eritrea. Eritrea was re-elected, in late 2021 to the United Nations Human Rights Council on an African group non-competitive slate. However, this did not result in reforms of its oppressive policies, according to the UN special rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Eritrea. Eritrea continued to refuse to cooperate with key UN and African Union rights mechanisms, including by denying access to the UN special rapporteur. In December 2021, it opposed the establishment of a commission of human rights experts on Ethiopia (ICHREE) to investigate abuses by all parties in the Tigray conflict. Eritrea’s 2015 penal code punishes homosexual conduct with five to seven years in prison. Indefinite Military Conscription and Forced LaborThe government continued to conscript Eritreans, mostly men and unmarried women, indefinitely into military or civil service for low pay and with no say in their profession or work location. Conscientious objection is not recognized; it is punished. Discharge from national service is arbitrary and procedures opaque. Conscripts are often subjected to inhuman and degrading punishment, including torture, without recourse. Since Eritrea joined the war in Ethiopia’s Tigray region, new waves of mass roundups of Eritreans believed to be evading service to fill the army’s ranks have been regularly reported, which have included child recruitment according to the UN special rapporteur on Eritrea. Roundups increased in August and September as fighting resumed in Ethiopia; families of draft evaders also faced reprisals, including arbitrary detentions and evictions from their homes. In September, the media said that reservists, men 55 years old and below who had been discharged from the army but were still expected to undergo guard duties, were also being called up. Families are not given official information about the fate of their loved ones sent to fight in Tigray. Conscription begins at the Sawa military camp where students, some as young as 16, are forced to attend their final year of secondary school while undergoing compulsory military training. Students in the camp are under military command, with harsh military punishments and discipline, and female students have reported sexual harassment and exploitation. Dormitories are crowded and health facilities very limited. Unlawful, Prolonged, and Abusive DetentionsThere continued to be widespread mass roundups and prolonged arbitrary arrests and detentions without access to legal counsel, judicial review, or family visits, some for decades, targeting perceived government’s opponents, including draft evaders. Countless prisoners languish in the country’s extensive formal and informal prison network, held in overcrowded places of detention with inadequate food, water, and medical care. Many detainees, including top government officials and journalists arrested in 2001 after they questioned Isaias’s leadership, are held incommunicado. Some are believed to have died in detention. An additional 16 journalists were also arrested at the time. Ciham Ali Abdu, daughter of a former information minister, has been held for 10 years since her arrest at age 15. Former finance minister and critic of the president, Berhane Abrehe, has been in incommunicado detention since September 2018. Freedom of ReligionFor over two decades, the government has denied religious liberty to anyone whose religious affiliation does not match the four denominations that the government “recognizes”: Sunni Islam, Eritrean Orthodox, Roman Catholic, and Evangelical (Lutheran) churches. People affiliated with “unrecognized” faiths continue to be imprisoned, and torture has been used to force them to renounce their religion. The trend of releases that took place in 2020 and 2021 was reversed. People continue to be detained purely because of their religious beliefs. In March, 29 Christians were reportedly detained during a prayer meeting in Asmara and taken to the Mai Serwa prison. Twenty Jehovah Witnesses remained in detention since at least 2014, including Tesfazion Gebremichael, 80, detained since 2011. Between October 11 and 15, the Eritrean government detained three Catholic priests, Abba Abraham Habtom Gebremariam, Father Mihretab Stefanos, and Bishop Abune Fikremariam Hagos. Abune Hagos who was arrested as he returned to Eritrea from Italy, had in 2019 penned, along with three other bishops, a pastoral letter obliquely calling for justice and reform. In February, Abune Antonios, the deposed Eritrean Orthodox Church patriarch, died while under house arrest, to which he had been subjected since 2006. The government continued to take control of schools and other institutions run by the Catholic church. In August, media reported that the government planned to take over two Catholic-run vocational training centers. Some peaceful protesters arrested in 2017 and early 2018 for protesting the government takeover of Al Diaa Islamic school, remained in detention. Refugees and ReturneesEritrea is not a party to the 1951 UN Refugee Convention and has not ratified the 1969 African Refugee Convention. There were over 580,000 Eritrean refugees and asylum seekers abroad as of the end 2021, and “the overwhelming majority cited the indefinite national service as the principal reason they fled the country,” according to the May 2022 report of the UN special rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Eritrea. Eritreans seeking protection abroad have been targeted for abuses by Eritrean authorities and security forces, both while abroad (in Ethiopia), and after forced returns from other countries, such as Egypt. Since the outbreak of conflict in Tigray in November 2020, warring parties, including Eritrean forces, have subjected Eritrean refugees to serious abuses. In January, the UN reported that a January air strike near the Mai Aini camp in Tigray region killed three Eritrean refugees, two of them children. Humanitarian access and basic services to the 25,000 Eritrean refugees living in two remaining camps in Tigray has been affected by fighting, an uptick in drone strikes, and the Ethiopian government’s effective siege on the Tigray region. In January, the UN reported 20 preventable deaths there due to lack of medicine and health services. Nongovernmental organizations and UN rights experts raised concerns that the effective siege and impunity for conflict-related abuses was contributing to Eritrean refugee women’s vulnerability to sexual violence and exploitation. In March 2022, Egypt forcibly returned 31 Eritrean refugees and threatened additional repatriations; in December 2021 it had deported 24 Eritrean refugees, including children. In Sudan’s capital, Khartoum, for several months, undocumented Eritreans were reportedly arbitrarily detained and released after paying significant sums. In April , UN human rights experts cited “patterns of human rights violations against Eritreans who have been forcibly returned” to Eritrea, including torture, ill-treatment, enforced disappearance, and arbitrary detention. They stated that some Eritreans, deported by Egypt in October 2021, had not been seen or heard from since and were believed to be held in incommunicado detention by Eritrean authorities. Key International ActorsIn January, the UN launched a new development cooperation framework with Eritrea, sending a high-level delegation to Asmara. In March, Eritrea voted against a UN general assembly resolution condemning Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, one of only five countries (including Russia) to do so. President Isaias later defended Russia in an annual Independence Day speech. He reportedly invited Russia to establish a naval base on its Red Sea Coast. In its concluding observations on Eritrea, in April, the African Committee of Experts on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (ACERWC) noted that by not affording children the right to freedom of religion, Eritrea had violated the provisions of the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child. The committee recommended that Eritrea, referring to the final year of schooling in the Sawa military camp, should ensure that children are not educated in a militaristic environment, revise its policy recognizing only four religions, the law prohibiting independent local media platforms, take legislative measures to explicitly outlaw the use of corporal punishment, and authorize the committee to conduct a fact-finding mission to investigate allegations of child military training in the Sawa camp. In September, US President Joe Biden extended, for one year, the ability to sanction Eritrean officials for committing serious human rights abuses in Tigray. The European Union maintained individual sanctions on Maj. Gen. Abraha Kassa, head of Eritrea’s national security agency, which it rolled out in March 2021, for serious human rights abuses in Eritrea including killings, arbitrary arrests, enforced disappearances, and torture. In September, the US condemned Eritrea’s re-entry into the conflict. In July, Somalia’s new president visited Somali troops being trained in Eritrea, reversing his predecessor’s denials that any were there. |
