افتتح حزب الشعب الديمقراطي الارتري الشق الثاني لمؤتمره الثاني بمدينة فيسبان الألمانية اليوم السبت ٢٦ يوليو ٢٠١٥، بكلمه ترحيبية من السيدة تعبي تولدي والتي شكرت في مستهلها الجهد المقدر الذي بذل من قبل اللجنة التحضيرية وخصت بالشكر رئيسة اللجنة السيدة اديام تفري لكونها اول إمرأة رئيسة لجنة تحضيرية للحزب.

السيدة اديام تفري بدورها قدمت تقرير اللجنة التحضيرية الذي اشتمل مراحل التحضير وكل ما قامت به اللجنة التحضيرية حتي الوصول الي المؤتمر، وأوصت المؤتمرين ان يعطوا الاولويه لإنجاح المؤتمر. وقد تم تقديم كلمة اللجنة التحضيرية باللغتين التجرنيا والعربيه، والاخيرة قدمها السيد قرماى زميكائيل.

السيدة اديام تفري بدورها قدمت تقرير اللجنة التحضيرية الذي اشتمل مراحل التحضير وكل ما قامت به اللجنة التحضيرية حتي الوصول الي المؤتمر، وأوصت المؤتمرين ان يعطوا الاولويه لإنجاح المؤتمر. وقد تم تقديم كلمة اللجنة التحضيرية باللغتين التجرنيا والعربيه، والاخيرة قدمها السيد قرماى زميكائيل.

الجدير بالذكر ان الشق الأول من هذا المؤتمر قد افتتح أعماله يوم ١٥ يوليو ٢٠١٥ في مدينة غوندر الإثيوبية.

The second part of the Second Congress of the Eritrean People’s Democratic Party (EPDP) opened in the evening hours of Sunday, 26 July, in Wiesbaden, Germany, with 69 Congress delegates representing party branches in eight European countries, the United States and Canada. Scheduled to last for the coming five days, the second part of the congress is a follow up of the first part which took place a week ago in Gondar, Ethiopia, with 27 delegates and four executive committee members, including party chairman, taking part.

The EPDP congress in Wiesbaden, located some 34 kms outside Frankfurt, was opened by a welcoming address of Ms Tiebe Tekie, a senior party cadre and congress moderator, who expressed her profound pride by the collective contributions of party leadership and members in making the process a success. She also reserved warm commendations to the chairwoman of the preparatory committee, Ms Adiam Teferi, who invested hard work and foresight in giving final touches to the preparation of the congress and invited her to the podium to present her report.

In her moving presentation, Ms Adiam Teferi recounted the long and arduous journey in preparing the second party congress, and proffered generous words of gratitude to all teams and party members who made valuable contributions in preparing the first and second parts of the party congress in Ethiopia and Germany. Ms Adiam also urged every congress participant to focus on what is to be done in coming months and years so that the cause of our victimized people could be realized within the shortest time possible.

After the translation of the speech into Arabic was read by Mr. Ghirmai Zemichael, the moderator called upon the party chairman, Mr. Menghesteab Asmerom, to address the opening session.

In his statement the EPDP Chairman briefly stated major party achievements scored in the past four years and outlined the major issues of great concern that are to be raised and discussed in this part of the congress. The party chairman is expected to present the lengthy report of the EPDP Central Council covering the period since the first congress in the summer of 2011. Other documents to be debated in the coming days include the draft political pgoramme, the party constitutions and political resolutions and recommendations.

ብኤርትራዊ ዲሞክራስያዊ ማሕበር ኣብ ጀርመንን ጨናፍር ሰልፊ ዲሞክራሲ ህዝቢ ኤርትራ ኣብ ኤውሮጳን ኣብ መስርሕ ምድላው ዘሎ ሰፊሕ በዓል ኤርትራ 2015፡ ካብ ዕለት 31 ሓምለ ክሳብ 2 ነሓሰ 2015 ኣብ ከተማ ፍራንክፎርት ክካየድ ምዃኑ ክሕበር ጸኒሑ እዩ። ሰፊሕ በዓል ኤርትራ "መኣዲ ዘተ፡ ንድሕነት ሃገርን ህዝብን ብዘይ ቅድመ ኲነት" ኣብ ትሕቲ ዝብል ጭርሖ እዩ ዝዳሎ ዘሎ። እዚ ዘመልክቶ፣ እቲ ናይ እንካን ሃባን መጋባእያ ብስም ውሱን ትካልን ኣባላት ሓደ ሰልፍን ኣብ ምድላው ይሃሉ ደኣ'ምበር፡ ካብዚ ዝጥቀምስ መላእ ተቓላሳይ ህዝቢ እዩ። ንራህዋን ቅሳነትን መላእ ህዝቢ ምግልጋል ከኣ፣ ብሃገርን ህዝባን ካብ ምሕሳብ ሓሊፉ ካልእ ፍሉይ ኣዳለውቲ በዓል ዝረብሕሉ ነገር ከምዘይብሎም ርዱእ ክኸውን ይግባኣ።

ኣውራ ዕላማ ፈስቲቫል/ሰፊሕ በዓል ፍራንክፎርት፡ ተሳታፋይ ህዝብን፡ መራሕቲ ፖለቲካውያን ሓይልታቱን፡ መራሕቲ በርጌሳውያን ማሕበራትን ኣገደስቲ ውልቀ ተሓለቕቲ ሰብኣዊ መሰላትን ኣራኺቡ፣ ሓባራዊ ልዝብ ብምፍጣር፡ ሕሰም ህዝብና ንምንጋፍ እዋናውያንን ብተግባር ክትጋሃሎም ዘለዎም ሓሳባትን ንምጥርናፍ ዝካየደሉ መኣዲ ዝርርብ ክኸውን እዩ። ብፍላይ እውን ነዚ ኣብ እስራኤልን፡ ጀነቫን ካልኦት ቦታታትን ዝተራእየ ሰፊሕ ምልዕዓል ንድሕሪት ንኸይምለስን፡ ኣብ መስርሕ ውድቀት ዲክታቶርያዊ ስርዓት ኤርትራ ብኸመይ ኣገባብ ይጥርነፍን፡ ኣብ ረብሓ ሃገርን ህዝብን ይውዕልን ዝብሉ መኸተታት ፍታሓት ክርከበሎን መረዳዳኢ ሕሳባት ከጥሪን ትጽቢት ዝገበረ እዩ።

ምኽንያቱ ኣብዘን ዝሓለፋ 11 ዓመታት ብሓፈሻ፣ ኣብዘን ሽዱሽተ ዓመታት ድማ ብፍላይ፡ ፖለቲካውያን ሓይልታት ኤርትራ ንረብሓ ውልቀ ስርርዓተን ክብላ፡ ንመንእሰያትን በርጌሳውያን ማሕበራትን ደቂ-ኣንስትዮን መመናዝዒ እንተዘይኰይኑ፡ ቅኑዕ ናይ ቃልሲ መንገዲ ከትሕዛ ከምዘይካኣላ ተመኩሮ ኣርእዩና እዩ። ሕሉፍ ሓሊፉ ዲክታቶርያዊ ስርዓት ተረሲዑስ፣ ቃላትን ቃልስን ኣብ መንጎ ኣረጊትን መንእሰይን ዝብሉ ሓሳባት ኰይኑ ነይሩ። ካብዚ ዝረብሐ እንተሎ ድማ እቲ ብሓደ ሰብ ዝዝወር ዲክታቶርያዊ ስርዓት ህግዲፍ ጥራሕ እዩ ነይሩ። እዚ ዝሓለፈ ግጉይ ብሂላትዚ ተኣሪሙ ቅኑዕ ናይ ቃልሲ ጐደና ንምትሓዝ እምበኣር፡ ፈስቲቫል ፍራንክፎርት

1. ግደ ኤርትራዊ መንእሰይ ኣብ ሓርነታዊ ቃልስ ብኸመይ ይውደብ

2.. ተሳትፎ ኤርትራዊት ጓለ ኣንስተይትን እትኽተሎ ፈለግ ናይ ቃልስን

3. ተራ መራኸቢ ብዙሃን ኣብ ሓርነታዊ ቃልሲን                                       

ዝብሉን ካልኦት ምስዚ ዝተኣሳሰሩ ነጥብታትን እውን፡ ነቲ ናይ ጀነቫ ዕዉት ሰላማዊ ሰልፍን ውጽኢቱን ንቅድሚት ከንህሩ ይኽእሉ እዮም ዝብሎም ነጥበ ልዝባት ኣታኣታትዩ ይርከብ። ነዚ ንምዕዋትን ኣብ ውሱን ክልታት ተሓጺሩ ከይተርፍን ከኣ፡ ኣዳለውቲ ፈስቲቫል 2015 ሰፊሕ ናይ ዕድመ ወረቓቕቲ ንውድባትን ስልፍታትን፡ ንበርጌሳውያን ማሕበራትን ምንቅስቃሳትን ንኣገደስቲ ውልቀ ሰባትን ከይተረፈ ዘርጊሑ ኣሎ። በዚ መሰረት ካብ ጀርመናውያን ሰልፍታት፡ ተወካሊ CDUን FDPን   ካብ ፍራንክፎርት፡ ተወካሊ ላዕለዋይ ከንቲባ ፍራንክፎርትን፡ ዶክተር ክላውስ ዲተር ዝተባህሉ ውልቀ ኣክቲቪስትን ኣባል ሓምላይ ሰልፍን ክሳተፉ ምዃኖም ተረጋጊጹ ኣሎ።

ኣብ ፈስቲቫል ፍራንክፎርት ንምስታፍ ዕድመ ካብዝቐረበሎም ኤርትራውያን ፖለቲካውን በርጌሳውን ትካላት እንተኾነውን፡ ኣብ ሰፊሕ በዓል 2015 ክሳተፉ ምዃኖም ክሳብ ሎሚ ኣረጋጊጾምልና ካብ ዘለዉ፣ ሰልፍታትን ውድባትን ምንቅስቓሳትን እዞም ዝስዕቡ ክዀኑ እዮም።

1. ኤርትራዊ ዲሞክራስያዊ ሰልፊ

2. መድረኽ ኤርትራውያን

3. እስላማዊ ሰልፊ ኤርትራ ንፍትሕን ልምዓትን

4. ኤርትራዊ ዲምክራስያዊ ሓድነት ኤርትራ

5. ኤርትራዊ ስምረት ንዲሞክራስያዊ ንለውጢ

6. ግንባር ሃገራዊ ድሕነት ኤርትራ

7. ግንባር ሃገራዊ ድሕነት ኤርትራ ሕድሪ

8. ፈደራላዊ ዲሞክራስያዊ ምንቅስቓስ ኤርትራ

ተሳትፎ ወከልቲ ፖለቲካውያን ሓይልታትስ ነጊርኩምና፡ ግደን ተሳትፎን ስቪላውያን ማሕበራት ከኣ ከመይ ዳኣ ክኸውን እዩ ዝብል ሕቶ ቅድሚ ምልዓሉ፡ ኣሳናዳኢት ሽማግለ ፈስቲቫል እዘን ዝስዕባ ማሕበራትን ውልቀ- ዜጋታትን ኣብ ሰፊሕ በዓል ኤርትራ ክሳተፉ ምዃኖም ተበሲርናስ ንህዝብናውን ንሕብር ኣለና።

1. ተበግሶ ማሕበር ደቂ-ኣንስትዮ ኤርትራ ኣብ ጀርመን

2. መርበብ ኤርትራውያን ደቂ ኣንስትዮ Network Eritrean women

3. EYSC

4. CIDRIE

5. Suwera መደበር ሱወይራ ንሰብኣዊ መሰላት ኤርትራ

6. ዶክተር ሳህለ ወርቀ

7. ብቐንዱ ድማ ሓደ ካብቶም ኣብ ምውዳብን ምዕዋትን ናይ ጀነቫ ሰላማዊ ሰልፊ ግዙፍ ተራ ዘበርከቱን፡ ሓቅታት መርማሪት ኮሚተ ግህሰት ሰብኣዊ መሰላት ኣብ ኤርትራ ንኽረግእ ተወሳኺ መብርሂታት ካብዝቕረቡን ኤርትራውያን፥ ዶክተር ዳኒኤል ረዘነ ኣብዚ ተዳልዩ ዘሎ መኣዲ ዘተን ልዝብን ክሳተፉ ምዃኖም ፈሊጥና ኣለና።

ንፍጻሜታት ፈስቲቫል ፍራንክፎርት 2015 ካብ ምቕባል ኣጋይሽ ክሳብ ምፍጻሙ ሓያልን ድኹም ጐንታት በዓልን ተሳተፍትን፡ ንህዝቢ ግቡእ ሓበሬታ ከስንቕ ተዳልዩ ዘሎ ጋዜጠኛ ሓው ሳሙኤል ገብረሂወት /ዓካዓካ/ ክሳተፍ ምዃኑውን ፈሊጥና ኣለና። ግደን ኣበርክቶን ነጻ ናይ ዜና ትካላት ድማ፡ ደምበ ተቓውሞ ኣብ ሂይወት ናይ ቃልሱ ክጥቀመሎም ካብ ዝግብኦም ምስክርነታት እዮም።  

ከምዚ ዝኣመሰለ ኣገባብን ዕላማታትን ሒዙ ዝዳሎ ዘሎ ሰፊሕ በዓል ብምዃኑ ድማ'ዩ፡ ካብቲ "ንሕና ንሱ፡ ንሱ ንሕና" ብዝብል ቃና ዝተወደበ፡ ቃላትን ኣራግጻ እግርን ውልቀ መላኺ ዝቐድሑ መሳሰይቲ ዲክታቶርነት ዘዳልዉዎ በዓላት ዝፈልዮ።

መደባትን ተሳተፍትን ፈስቲቫል 2015 ሰፊሕ ምህላዉ ካብዚ ተጠቒሱ ዘሎ ዝርዝር ዛዕባታትን ዝሳተፍዎ ኤርትራውያንን ጀርመናውያን ትካላትን ካብተገንዘብና፡ ዕላማታት ፈስቲቫል ፍራንክፎርት መንጠሪ ባይታ ስኒትን ሓባራዊ ተግባራትን ኰይኑ ብዓወት ክወጽእ ተደላይነት ኣለዎ። ነዚ ተዳላይነትዚ ኣብ ምርግጋጽ ተወከልቲ ኣባላት ኣብዚ ፈስቲቫል'ዚ ብዛዕባ ውዳቤታቶም ንህዝቢ ኣብ ምልላይ ግዝያኦም ምብኻን ከምዘይኮነ ተገንዚቦም፡ ንህልዊ ናይ ለውጢ ተበግሶታት ብሓሳብን ብግብርን ብኸመይ ንቅድሚት ነሰጉሞ ኣብዝብሉ ሓሳባት ክመርሑና ትጽቢኢት ኣዳለወትን ተሳታፋይ ህዝብን ምዃኑ ኣብ ግምት ክኣቱ ዘለዎ እዩ።

ምስዚ ብምትሕሓዝ፡ ሰልፊ ዲሞክራሲ ህዝቢ ኤርትራ ካልኣይ ጉባኤኡ፡ ሓድነት ኣብ ውልቀ ጠባያት ናይ ሰባት ዘይኮነስ፡ ሓድነት ኣብ ፖለቲካዊ መደባቱን ኣሰራርሕኡን ኣደልዲሉ ብዓወት ኣሰላሲሉ ዝወጸሉ ዕለታት ብምዃኑ፡ ፖለቲካዊ ውሳኔታት ጉባኤ ብሓፈሻ፡ ብፍላይ ድማ ንሓባራዊ ስራሓት ደምበ ተቃውሞ ዝጠመተ ራኢኡ ንህዝቢ ከነጽር ትጽቢት ይግበረሉ። ሒዝናዮ ዘለና ወቕቲ፡ እዋን ስኒትን ሓባራዊ ዕዮን ክንገብሮ ስለዝግባኣና ድማ፣ ቀራና መንድታት ዝሓልሙ'ውን፡ ካብ ቂምን ቅርሕንትን ወጺኦም፡ ኣሉታዊ ነገራት ምትኹታዀ ንረብሓ ሕዝብና ከምዘይኮነ ተገንዚቦም፡ ናብ ቀልቦም ተመሊሶም 'ቅኑዕ ናይ ቃልሲ ጐደና እንተዝሕዙ ክንደይ እዃ መምሓረሎም ነይሩ። ምኽንያቱ ንነብሶም ካብ ተደጋጋሚ ስዕረት ምዳሓኑ፡ ምድኻም ፖለቲካውያን ሓይልታትን ምፍልላይን መዕንደርሪ መለኺ ስርዓት ምዃኑ እውን ዝርዳኡ ስለዝመስለና።

ዓወት ንተቃላሳይ ህዝቢ ኤርትራ!

ዓወት ንፈስቲቫል ፍራንክፎርት 2015

ውድቀት ንዲክታቶርያዊ ስርዓት ህግዲፍ

ኣሰናዳኢት ሽማግለ ፈስቲቫል ፍራንክፎርት 2015

Medhanie Habtezghi (2010). Enkie, (እንከኤ) translated into Tigrigna as lekas (ለካስ, A Surprise!). A Novel based on factual events. AITAS e-edit, Oslo, Norway. 132 pages, 12 sections.

A Brief Book Review by Kiflemariam Hamde,

Umeå University,

Sweden

Medhanie’s 2010 book is published both in Blin (እንከኤ)and in Tigrinya (ለካስ). I can translate both as A Surprise! The author dedicates the book to those (1) who find themselves in a bad situation escaping from the atrocities in Eritrea, and (2) those who were jailed, punished unjustly, those who died in search for peace, those whose yearnings for justice never realized, and to those who have lost their voice, the voiceless (Dedication page). The author aims to give voice to the voiceless and the silenced!

This is a brief note rather than an elongated review as readers who understand Blin and/or Tigrinya can have access to either of them. I will thus confine my note to the main storyline. Enkie, (እንከኤ) or (ለካስ, a Surprise!) is the second novel by Medhanie Habtezghi who lives in Oslo, Norway. The first novel that he authored in 2008 was titled as Lexen axra merwedi (A Ring that Inflicted Pain, or literally, The Ring which became a Sore) and the review appeared in Asmarino.com. For the current work, the subtitle tells us that the novel is based on reality for the first 10 years after the Independence of Eritrea in 1991. So, I can guess the events occurring after Independence up to 2010 might be the bases for the story. The main story line deals with the fate of one of the main actors who grew up after Eritrea’s liberation, and narrates what happened to the Eritrean youth since then. The main actor, Zeresenay Andit, lost both his parents in liberating Eritrea. His grandmother lived outside of the capital city and all of her four children joined the liberation war and were martyred. She had to raise Zeresenay after liberation but upbringing him was not either any easy encounter with the vagaries of life. The story could apply to any (typical) Eritrean youth since the 1990s, namely youngsters finding themselves alone, one or both parents dead, growing up during the hysteric early 1990s after the liberation of the country, yearning for full liberation, a free Eritrea, and dreaming of education, prosperity, tranquility, and peace. Alas, holds the author, these expectation turned out to be rather more of a dream than the reality. Expectations and sacrifice never intersect with reality!

   Zeresenay grew up hearing a lot about the beauty of Asmara city, especially the down town streets with the Independence Street stretching amongst the city’s main buildings, which signified real freedom. The Street, for Zeresenay, was a symbol of victory even if it was not accessible to his grandparent generations when the Italians created it and called it, in daily parlance, ‘Campushtato’. Even during the British Administration (1940s) that Street was barely allowed for the locals (Eritreans) but to a limited scope. Yet, after Ethiopia annexed Eritrea as part of its entity, the Street changed a name with its new masters and became the arena of domination and rule by foreigner entity. Moreover, it was mainly Europeans who owned the retail shops and entertainment sites until Dergue replaced Emperor Haile-Selassie as new rulers of Ethiopia (1974). With Eritrea’s Independence in 1991, the street was rightly named “Independence Street”, a symbol of freedom and tranquility, thought at least the majority of Eritreans if not all of them. The main actor Zeresenay also yearned to visit it one day, as many Eritrean youth residing outside of the capital city who wished to walk stably along the Independence Street to “show at last freedom prevailed” (page 2) and entertain themselves in their own capital city. Although, one day, Zeresenay travelled and succeeded to come to the down town, to his surprise, he found out that Asmara city was still dominated by people with alien and foreign names who were the same personalities as during the Dergue era (1974-1991). Moreover, once in walking in the Street, Zeresenay experienced the unexpected: he faced enmity and opposition, and was treated as an alien in the very capital city which he thought symbolized liberation and peace. He was eventually captured, jailed and punished by the cruel old Dergue guards who served now the Eritrean government instead of leaving people to live in peace. That was a shock and a Surprise to Zeresenay, and all his dreams were to come to be true later on. ‘Nothing has changed, it became even worse’, pondered Zeresenay as he faced the opposite of what he and everybody else expected after Eritrean Independence. In the jail where old Dergue security personnel still worked (Section 2, pages 16-29) he met and learnt a lot from Eritrean prison mates who were there for no apparent crimes. Some of the inmates served prison three times, first under the Emperor in the 1960s, then under the Dergue since mid-1970s, and now under the Eritrean government, and in all of them, the same security investigators and interrogators served. For example, he remembers two of the security called Amsalu and Akalu (30-31). He was released however, with no reason given!

   To make the long story shorter, in the meantime Zeresenay got married to Yordanos, got a baby daughter whom they named Rahwa (Tranquility) to fulfil their wish for a peaceful life. The atrocities that he once encountered as mere dreams came out to be true for many young Eritreans. Consequently, to escape these atrocities, many youngsters were but forced to flee towards the Sudan, experiencing the hazardous life towards that, the ungoverned situation in the Sahara desert, unexpected and arrogant bandits in Libya, and worse enough, the journey toward safety via the Mediterranean Sea. In the last Section of the book (pages 124-132), the author recounts events in the Sea. After many tribulations, the family decided to cross the Mediterranean Sea towards Italy, and on their way, the ship wrecked, leaving 54 dead out of the total 154 travelers. Moreover, their young daughter could not make up the whole route in journey as she dropped off her father’s hands at the chaotic moment. The survivors were taken to Maltese hospital, and not to Italy. Once his grandmother had interpreted his dream of saving his half body from the sea while the other half was drowned. He had thought that was a mere dream. However, in that Maltese hospital, now that he lost his only daughter Rahwa, he realized that the dream was not a mere dream but A Surprise, wherefrom the title of the book derived.

   The book was written by the end of the last decade and published in 2010, well before the deadly events in 2013 when almost 350 Eritreans were drowned in Lampedusa. But those stories were not widely spread at that time. That is why the novel is realistic enough so much so that for last few years, the contents of the story have become daily news in the whole world, and instant feelings of guilty and anguish among Eritreans. As in his previous novel, the Ring that Became a Sore, to make his point, Medhanie makes use of many allegorical speech, in both the Blin and the Tigrinya versions, rhetorical and proverbial expressions. In many of the Sections, Medhanie turns to a poetic language. For example, in page 11 in the Blin version, there is a poem on the beauty of Asmara by pro-government supporters, and on page 13 a crazy but realistic guy, Aygdudu, exposes the hypocrite and false promises of the former. For their aesthetic character, both the Blin poem and Tigrinya tend to have been written independently of each other and not translation to either of them. This paradoxical combination of poems and verses shows how emotions and rationality, joy and grief, hate and love, moments of challenge and opportunity can be expressed in different genres, and in one text. The poetic expression even give time for less monotone reading of the paragraphs. In spite of the real but sad stories in the latter work, the reader can still enjoy the beauty in the language. As a reader, I can only appreciate Medhanie’s linguistic competence not only in his mother tongue, Blin, but especially in his mastery of the Tigrinya language. I thus encourage readers of both languages to read this great literary work, which gives vivid life to the lifeless, and greatly provides voice to the voiceless, as the author dedicated to the work for them. He reminds readers about the real but sad challenges Eritrean youth are facing nowadays. I hope the author continues with a third book on the fate of Eritreans once they reached their final destinations (safely).

A much deeper comprehensive review might be required to do justice to the contents of the whole story, especially from the point of view of literary theory and literary criticism. My overall evaluation however, is very positive in the use of complex language in both Blin and Tigrinya, the author’s skills in interspersing prose and verses, idioms and proverbs, and the terminology in Blin to fill gaps in the existing vocabulary.

   This book is in fact “a voice to the voiceless and the silenced” modern Eritrean youth who are disappearing and suffering in the hot and cruel sands of the Sahara and Libya. The message is a reminiscent of Abba Gerbreyesus Hailu’s novel, Hade Zanta (1928) when the Italian colonizers had forced our grandfathers to tread those very locations as conscripts. I encourage you to read it in Blin ((እንከኤ) Tigrigna (ለካስ) or both!

Medhanie Habtezghi lives in Oslo, Norway, and is a father of four. He has earned L.LB at the University of Asmara (1999) and wrote the LL.B senior thesis “Customary Marriage and Divorce in Blin Society”. He did his Masterate degree in Public International Law (2010) with a thesis titled “Environmental Protection in Eritrea under the Light of Biodiversity Convention and the Rio Declaration Principles: the Interdependence of political, Economic and Environmental Principles”. University of Oslo, Norway.

Medhanie can be reached at This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.